Ten for ten

Let S S be the set of all 10 10 -digit integers that can be composed from the integers 1 , 2 , . . . . , 9 , 1,2, ...., 9, (repetition is allowed). Let A A be the product of the 10 10 digits of an element N N of S S that has been chosen uniformly and at random.

If P P is the probability that A A is divisible by 10 10 , then find 1000 P \lfloor 1000P \rfloor .

Details and Assumptions :

As an explicit example: if N = 1186734452 N = 1186734452 , then the value of A A associated with N N is 1 × 1 × 8 × 6 × 7 × 3 × 4 × 4 × 5 × 2 = 161280 1 \times 1 \times 8 \times 6 \times 7\times 3\times 4\times 4\times 5\times 2 = 161280


The answer is 689.

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1 solution

For the product A A to be divisible by 10 10 at least one of the digits must be divisible by 2 2 , i.e., must be one of 2 , 4 , 6 , 8 2, 4, 6, 8 , and at least one of digits must be 5. 5. It will be easier, though, to first count the number of elements that are not divisible by 10. 10.

There are 4 10 4^{10} elements of S S that have no digits that are either even or 5. 5.

Next, as there are 8 10 8^{10} elements that do not have 5 5 as a digit, there are 8 10 4 10 8^{10} - 4^{10} elements that have an even digit but no 5. 5.

Finally, as there are 5 10 5^{10} elements that do not have an even digit, there are 5 10 4 10 5^{10} - 4^{10} elements that have a 5 5 but no even digit.

Thus there are 4 10 + ( 8 10 4 10 ) + ( 5 10 4 10 ) = 8 10 + 5 10 4 10 4^{10} + (8^{10} - 4^{10}) + (5^{10} - 4^{10}) = 8^{10} + 5^{10} - 4^{10} elements of S S that are not divisible by 10. 10. As there are 9 10 9^{10} elements in S S , the probability P P that the product A A associated with a randomly chosen element N N of S S is divisible by 10 10 is then

P = 9 10 8 10 5 10 + 4 10 9 10 = 0.689553827.... P = \dfrac{9^{10} - 8^{10} - 5^{10} + 4^{10}}{9^{10}} = 0.689553827....

Thus 1000 P = 689 . \lfloor 1000*P \rfloor = \boxed{689}.

Very nice question. I was stuck for a while because I did it the slightly longer way. I wondered if I should subtract 5 10 4 10 5^{10}-4^{10} or 0 9 4 n 5 9 n \displaystyle \sum_0^{9} 4^n\cdot 5^{9-n} from the original quantity. After thinking for a while, I realized they were the same thing :3 lol.

Trevor Arashiro - 6 years, 2 months ago

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Haha. Well, I guess that much of mathematics is about realizing that two seemingly distinct things are in fact the same. :)

Brian Charlesworth - 6 years, 2 months ago

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