Dirty Polynomial (200 followers problem)

Algebra Level 5

P ( x ) P(x) is a polynomial of degree 200. It is known that P ( x ) = x 2 x 2 + 1 P\left( x \right) =\frac { x-2 }{ { x }^{ 2 }+1 } for all integers x x in the domain 20 < x < 20 -20<x<20 .

Find the sum of all coefficients of terms with even degree in the expansion of P ( x ) P(x) .


The answer is -1.

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1 solution

Archit Boobna
Apr 20, 2015

We have P ( x ) = a 1 x 200 + a 2 x 199 + a 3 x 198 + a 4 x 197 + a 5 x 196 + a 6 x 195 + a 201 P\left( x \right) ={ a }_{ 1 }{ x }^{ 200 }+{ a }_{ 2 }{ x }^{ 199 }+{ a }_{ 3 }{ x }^{ 198 }+{ a }_{ 4 }{ x }^{ 197 }+{ a }_{ 5 }{ x }^{ 196 }+{ a }_{ 6 }{ x }^{ 195 }\dots +{ a }_{ 201 }

Let the sum of coefficients of even degree terms be A.

A = a 1 + a 3 + a 5 + a 7 + a 9 + a 11 + a 13 + a 15 + + a 201 A={ a }_{ 1 }+{ a }_{ 3 }+{ a }_{ 5 }+{ a }_{ 7 }+{ a }_{ 9 }+{ a }_{ 11 }+{ a }_{ 13 }+{ a }_{ 15 }+\dots +{ a }_{ 201 }

Now finding the values of P(1) and P(-1) P ( 1 ) = a 1 1 200 + a 2 1 199 + a 3 1 198 + a 4 1 197 + a 5 1 196 + a 6 1 195 + a 201 = a 1 + a 2 + a 3 + a 4 + a 5 + a 6 + a 7 + a 8 + + a 201 P\left( 1 \right) ={ a }_{ 1 }{ 1 }^{ 200 }+{ a }_{ 2 }{ 1 }^{ 199 }+{ a }_{ 3 }{ 1 }^{ 198 }+{ a }_{ 4 }1^{ 197 }+{ a }_{ 5 }{ 1 }^{ 196 }+{ a }_{ 6 }{ 1 }^{ 195 }\dots +{ a }_{ 201 }\\ \qquad ={ a }_{ 1 }+{ a }_{ 2 }+{ a }_{ 3 }+{ a }_{ 4 }+{ a }_{ 5 }+{ a }_{ 6 }+{ a }_{ 7 }+{ a }_{ 8 }+\dots +{ a }_{ 201 }

P ( 1 ) = a 1 ( 1 ) 200 + a 2 ( 1 ) 199 + a 3 ( 1 ) 198 + a 4 ( 1 ) 197 + a 5 ( 1 ) 196 + a 6 ( 1 ) 195 + a 201 = a 1 a 2 + a 3 a 4 + a 5 a 6 + a 7 a 8 + + a 201 P\left( -1 \right) ={ a }_{ 1 }{ \left( -1 \right) }^{ 200 }+{ a }_{ 2 }{ \left( -1 \right) }^{ 199 }+{ a }_{ 3 }{ \left( -1 \right) }^{ 198 }+{ a }_{ 4 }\left( -1 \right) ^{ 197 }+{ a }_{ 5 }{ \left( -1 \right) }^{ 196 }+{ a }_{ 6 }\left( -1 \right) ^{ 195 }\dots +{ a }_{ 201 }\\ \qquad ={ a }_{ 1 }-{ a }_{ 2 }+{ a }_{ 3 }-{ a }_{ 4 }+{ a }_{ 5 }-{ a }_{ 6 }+{ a }_{ 7 }-{ a }_{ 8 }+\dots +{ a }_{ 201 }

By these equations, P ( 1 ) + P ( 1 ) = 2 ( a 1 + a 3 + a 5 + a 7 + a 9 + a 11 + a 13 + a 15 + + a 201 ) P\left( -1 \right) +P\left( 1 \right) =2\left( { a }_{ 1 }+{ a }_{ 3 }+{ a }_{ 5 }+{ a }_{ 7 }+{ a }_{ 9 }+{ a }_{ 11 }+{ a }_{ 13 }+{ a }_{ 15 }+\dots +{ a }_{ 201 } \right)

This gives us P ( 1 ) + P ( 1 ) = 2 A P\left( -1 \right) +P\left( 1 \right) =2A .

So A = P ( 1 ) + P ( 1 ) 2 A=\frac { P\left( -1 \right) +P\left( 1 \right) }{ 2 }

Now putting the value of P(x) for integer x in domain -20 to 20, we get

A = 1 2 ( 1 ) 2 + 1 + 1 2 1 2 + 1 2 A=\frac { \frac { -1-2 }{ { \left( -1 \right) }^{ 2 }+1 } +\frac { 1-2 }{ { 1 }^{ 2 }+1 } }{ 2 }

Simplifying, A = 1 A=\boxed { -1 }

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