Bridget works part-time in a shoe store. Today is a boring day, she rearranges the shoes for fun. If she takes six different pairs of shoes and rearranges them in a row, in how many ways can she rearrange them so that any of the 6 pairs are not beside their match?
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There are 2 j × ( 1 2 − j ) ! ways of ordering the shoes so that j specific pairs are next to each other --- simply permute the j pairs (each pair as a unit) and the 1 2 − 2 j other shoes, and then multiply by 2 j since each of the particular pairs could be in one of two orders. By the Inclusion-Exclusion Principle, there are j = 1 ∑ 6 ( − 1 ) j − 1 ( j 6 ) × 2 j ( 1 2 − j ) ! shoe orders with at least one pair together, and hence there are 1 2 ! − j = 1 ∑ 6 ( − 1 ) j − 1 ( j 6 ) × 2 j ( 1 2 − j ) ! = j = 0 ∑ 6 ( − 1 ) j ( j 6 ) × 2 j ( 1 2 − j ) ! = 1 6 8 4 2 2 4 0 0 shoe orders where no pair is together.