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From Wikipedia , the identity to use is k = 0 ∑ ∞ k ! z k = e z
Expressing in summation form, 2 1 − 6 1 + 2 4 1 − 1 2 0 1 = 1 ⋅ 2 ( − 1 ) 2 + 1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ( − 1 ) 3 + 1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 4 ( − 1 ) 4 + 1 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ( − 1 ) 5 + ⋯ = 2 ! ( − 1 ) 2 + 3 ! ( − 1 ) 3 + 4 ! ( − 1 ) 4 + 5 ! ( − 1 ) 5 + ⋯ = n = 2 ∑ ∞ n ! ( − 1 ) n Observe that n = 2 ∑ ∞ n ! ( − 1 ) n = n = 0 ∑ ∞ n ! ( − 1 ) n − n = 0 ∑ 2 n ! ( − 1 ) n Since n = 0 ∑ 2 n ! ( − 1 ) n = 0 this concludes that n = 2 ∑ ∞ n ! ( − 1 ) n = n = 0 ∑ ∞ n ! ( − 1 ) n = e − 1