A probability problem by Shivam Jadhav

If a n a_{n} follows the recurrence relation a n + 1 = 2 a n n 2 + n , {a_{n+1} = 2a_n - n^2 + n} , with a 1 = 3 a_1 = 3 , then find the value of a 20 a 15 18133 . \dfrac{ |a_{20} - a_{15} | }{18133}.


The answer is 28.

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1 solution

Shivam Jadhav
Apr 1, 2016

First, evaluate a 0 a_{0} , a 1 = 2 a 0 a 0 = 3 2 a_{1} = 2a_{0} \Rightarrow a_{0} = \frac{3}{2}

Then, use Z-transform: a n + 1 2 a n + n 2 n = 0 a_{n+1} - 2a_{n} + n^2 - n = 0

z ( A ( z ) a 0 ) 2 A ( z ) + z ( z + 1 ) ( z 1 ) 3 z ( z 1 ) 2 = 0 z(\mathbf{A}(z)-a_{0}) - 2\mathbf{A}(z) + \dfrac{z(z+1)}{(z-1)^3} - \dfrac{z}{(z-1)^2} = 0

A ( z ) = z ( 3 z 3 9 z 2 + 9 z 7 ) 2 ( z 2 ) ( z 1 ) 3 \Rightarrow \mathbf{A}(z) = \dfrac{z(3z^3 -9z^2 + 9z - 7)}{2(z-2)(z-1)^3}

A ( z ) = z ( 3 z 3 9 z 2 + 9 z 7 ) 2 ( z 2 ) ( z 1 ) 3 \Rightarrow \mathbf{A}(z) = \dfrac{z(3z^3 -9z^2 + 9z - 7)}{2(z-2)(z-1)^3}

A ( z ) = 2 z z 1 + z ( z 1 ) 2 + z ( z + 1 ) ( z 1 ) 3 z 2 ( z 2 ) \Rightarrow \mathbf{A}(z) = \dfrac{2z}{z-1} + \dfrac{z}{(z-1)^2} + \dfrac{z(z+1)}{(z-1)^3} - \dfrac{z}{2(z-2)}

Working in the inverse of the Z-transform: a n = 2 + n + n 2 2 n 1 \boxed{a_{n} = 2 + n + n^2 - 2^{n-1}}

Now: a 20 = 422 2 19 a_{20} = 422-2^{19} ; a 15 = 242 2 14 a_{15} = 242-2^{14} ;

a 20 a 15 18133 = 2 19 2 14 + 180 18133 = 28 \dfrac{\left\vert a_{20} - a_{15} \right\vert}{18133} = \dfrac{2^{19} - 2^{14} + 180}{18133} = \boxed{\boxed{28}}

I hv never learnt abt z transformation before... why is it needed? is there any wiki on it?? i could get this relation involving n only.. ya a little bit more complex... a 3 = 2 4 ( 3 2 ) = > a n = 2 ( n 2 ) 4 i = 3 n 2 n i ( i ) ( i 1 ) a_{3} = 2*4 - (3*2) => a_{n} = {2^{(n-2)}}*4 - \sum_{i=3}^n 2^{n-i}(i)*(i-1)
but gives the result not as a submultiple.. here a ratio of terms is not asked.. so we can not try to find easier submultiples... and the result gets unaffected...

Then why is it used ?? does z-transformation imply the same function? is it always needed to solve a recurrence relation?? but y = a x k y=a*x^{k} is not the same function as y = x k y=x^{k}

Ananya Aaniya - 3 years, 3 months ago

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Can you provide me with wiki about this Z transformation. Looks like very useful relation

Arka Dutta - 2 years, 2 months ago

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