Half-ellipses Intersecting

Geometry Level 5

In the diagram above, points A A through E E are co-linear and evenly spaced. The curves are five half-ellipses, similar to each other, and terminating in the points A A through E E .

At the two red points, the half-ellipses intersect at right angles.

At the two green points, the half-ellipses intersect at angle 0 < θ < 9 0 0 < \theta < 90^\circ .

If cos θ = a b \cos \theta = \dfrac{a}{\sqrt b} , where a a and b b are coprime positive integers, how much is a + b a + b ?


The answer is 1974.

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1 solution

Arjen Vreugdenhil
May 22, 2016

I choose a coordinate system such that A : ( 2 , 0 ) A:\ (-2, 0) ; B : ( 0 , 0 ) B:\ (0, 0) ; and so on.

Let E 1 E_1 be the half-ellipse from A to C; E 2 E_2 be the half-ellipse from B to D; E 3 E_3 the half-ellipse from B to E. Their equations are { E 1 : x 2 + b y 2 = 2 2 d y d x = x b y . E 2 : ( x 2 ) 2 + b y 2 = 2 2 d y d x = x 2 b y . E 3 : ( x 3 ) 2 + b y 2 = 3 2 d y d x = x 3 b y . \begin{cases}E_1: & x^2 + by^2 = 2^2 & \dfrac{dy}{dx} = -\dfrac{x}{by}. \\ E_2: & (x - 2)^2 + by^2 = 2^2 & \dfrac{dy}{dx} = -\dfrac{x-2}{by}. \\ E_3: & (x - 3)^2 + by^2 = 3^2 & \dfrac{dy}{dx} = -\dfrac{x-3}{by}.\end{cases} The value of b b is the same in each case because the half-ellipses are similar.

By symmetry we know that the intersection of E 1 E_1 and E 2 E_2 has x = 1 x = 1 ; thus 1 2 + b y 2 = 2 2 b y 2 = 3. 1^2 + by^2 = 2^2\ \ \ \therefore\ \ \ by^2 = 3. Moreover, since E 1 E_1 and E 2 E_2 are symmetric and intersect at right angles, they must have d y / d x = ± 1 dy/dx = \pm1 in the intersection point. Substituting this in the equations above we find b y = x = 1 by = x = 1 , so that y = 3 y = 3 and b = 1 3 b = \tfrac13 .

Now for the intersection of E 1 E_1 and E 3 E_3 . Subtracting their equations, we get ( x 3 ) 2 x 2 = 3 2 2 2 x = 2 3 (x-3)^2 - x^2 = 3^2 - 2^2\ \ \ \therefore\ \ \ x = \tfrac23 . Substituting this in the equations for E 1 E_1 and E 3 E_3 we get y = 4 2 / 3 y = 4\sqrt{2/3} . Thus E 1 E_1 and E 3 E_3 intersect in ( x , y ) = ( 2 3 , 4 2 / 3 ) . (x,y) = (\tfrac23, 4\sqrt{2/3}).

We will now find tangent vectors: v 1 = ( 1 , d y d x E 1 ) = ( 1 , 2 3 1 3 4 2 / 3 ) ( 4 2 , 2 3 ) ; v 2 = ( 1 , d y d x E 2 ) = ( 1 , 2 3 3 1 3 4 2 / 3 ) ( 4 2 , 7 3 ) . \vec v_1 = \left(1, \left.\frac{dy}{dx}\right|_{E_1}\right) = \left(1, -\frac{\tfrac23}{\tfrac13\cdot 4\sqrt{2/3}}\right) \sim (4\sqrt 2, -2 \sqrt 3); \\ \vec v_2 = \left(1, \left.\frac{dy}{dx}\right|_{E_2}\right) = \left(1, -\frac{\tfrac23-3}{\tfrac13\cdot 4\sqrt{2/3}}\right) \sim (4\sqrt 2, 7 \sqrt 3). The cosine of the intersection follows from their dot product: cos θ = v 1 v 2 v 1 v 2 = ( 4 2 ) 2 2 3 7 3 ( ( 4 2 ) 2 + ( 2 3 ) 2 ) ( ( 4 2 ) 2 + ( 7 3 ) 2 ) = 32 42 44 179 = 10 44 179 = 5 11 179 = 5 1969 . \cos\theta = \frac{\vec v_1\cdot \vec v_2}{|\vec v_1|\ |\vec v_2|} = \frac{(4\sqrt 2)^2 - 2\sqrt 3\cdot 7\sqrt 3}{\sqrt{((4\sqrt 2)^2 + (2\sqrt 3)^2)((4\sqrt 2)^2 + (7 \sqrt 3)^2)}} \\ = \frac{32 - 42}{\sqrt{44\cdot 179}} = \frac{-10}{\sqrt{44\cdot 179}} = \frac{-5}{\sqrt{11\cdot 179}} = -\frac{5}{\sqrt{1969}}. This is the obtuse angle; for the acute angle we drop the negative sign.

Thus the answer is 5 + 1969 = 1974 5 + 1969 = \boxed{1974} .

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