Find the unit digit of the above summation.
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Let's write all items of the summation:
1 1 1 1 = ( 1 0 + 1 ) 1 1 = 1 0 × C 1 + 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 = ( 2 0 + 2 ) 2 2 = 1 0 × C 2 + 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 = ( 3 0 + 3 ) 3 3 = 1 0 × C 3 + 3 3 3 ⋮ ( 9 0 + 9 ) 9 9 = 1 0 × C 9 + 9 9 9
It's clear that 1 0 × C 1 , 1 0 × C 2 , 1 0 × C 3 , … , 1 0 × C 9 are divisible by 1 0 , so we just need to find the reminder of 1 1 1 , 2 2 2 , 3 3 3 , … , 9 9 9 ( m o d 1 0 ) .
By using Euler's theorem, CRT, and the properties of modular arithmetic we will find that
2 2 2 ≡ 4 ( m o d 1 0 ) 3 3 3 ≡ 3 ( m o d 1 0 ) 4 4 4 ≡ 6 ( m o d 1 0 ) 5 5 5 ≡ 5 ( m o d 1 0 ) 6 6 6 ≡ 6 ( m o d 1 0 ) 7 7 7 ≡ 7 ( m o d 1 0 ) 8 8 8 ≡ 6 ( m o d 1 0 ) 9 9 9 ≡ 9 ( m o d 1 0 )
Now, we have
1 + 4 + 3 + 6 + 5 + 6 + 7 + 6 + 9 ≡ 4 7 ≡ 7 ( m o d 1 0 )