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By the Binomial Theorem, ( 3 + 8 ) 1 0 1 + ( 3 − 8 ) 1 0 1 = 2 n = 0 ∑ 5 0 ( 2 n 1 0 1 ) × 3 1 0 1 − 2 n × 8 n Is a positive integer, and so { ( 3 + 8 ) 1 0 1 } + ( 3 − 8 ) 1 0 1 Is also a positive integer. But 3 − 8 = ( 3 + 8 ) − 1 , and so both { ( 3 + 8 ) 1 0 1 } and ( 3 − 8 ) 1 0 1 lie strictly between 0 and 1 . Since their sum is an integer, that sum must be 1 .