A special polynomial!

Algebra Level 3

Let P P be a polynomial with integer coefficients. Suppose that for n = 1 , 2 , 3 , . . . , 2018 n=1, 2, 3,. . ., 2018 the number P ( n ) P(n) is a three-digit positive integer, can the polynomial P P have integer roots?

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1 solution

Chris Lewis
Feb 4, 2021

Let P ( n ) = a k n k + a k 1 n k 1 + + a 1 n + a 0 P(n)=a_k n^k + a_{k-1} n^{k-1} + \cdots +a_1 n+a_0 . Consider P P evaluated at two distinct integer values, n n and r r : P ( n ) P ( r ) = a k ( n k r k ) + a k 1 ( n k 1 r k 1 ) + a 1 ( n r ) P(n)-P(r)=a_k \left(n^k-r^k \right)+a_{k-1} \left(n^{k-1}-r^{k-1} \right)+\cdots a_1 \left(n-r \right)

Note that every term on the right-hand side is divisible by n r n-r ; so P ( n ) P ( r ) n r \frac{P(n)-P(r)}{n-r} is an integer.

Now assume that r r is an integer root of P P , ie P ( r ) = 0 P(r)=0 , and let n = 1 n=1 . Then 1 r P ( 1 ) 1-r|P(1) Similarly, 2018 r P ( 2018 ) 2018-r|P(2018)

But both P ( 1 ) P(1) and P ( 2018 ) P(2018) are three-digit integers, and at least one of 1 r 1-r and 2018 r 2018-r must be outside the range [ 999 , 999 ] [-999,999] ; contradiction.

So P ( n ) P(n) has no integer roots.

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