∫ 1 + x + 2 ! x 2 + 3 ! x 3 + 4 ! x 4 x 4 d x
Sometimes making a tricky substitution will make a problem a lot easier to integrate. Try evaluating the antiderivative above.
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Original integral:
∫
1
+
x
+
2
!
x
2
+
.
.
.
+
4
!
x
4
x
4
d
x
.
Factoring out a 24 gives:
2
4
∫
x
4
+
4
x
3
+
1
2
x
2
+
2
4
x
+
2
4
x
4
d
x
.
Performing long division gives:
∫
1
−
x
4
+
4
x
3
+
1
2
x
2
+
2
4
x
+
2
4
4
x
3
+
1
2
x
2
+
2
4
x
+
2
4
d
x
.
Separate the integrals:
∫
1
d
x
−
∫
x
4
+
4
x
3
+
1
2
x
2
+
2
4
x
+
2
4
4
x
3
+
1
2
x
2
+
2
4
x
+
2
4
d
x
.
Use U-Substitution where u is the denominator, and du is the numerator:
∫
1
d
x
−
∫
u
d
u
.
Integrate:
x
−
l
n
∣
u
∣
+
C
.
Plug in u and bring back the original factor of 24:
2
4
x
−
2
4
l
n
(
x
4
+
4
x
3
+
1
2
x
2
+
2
4
x
+
2
4
)
+
C
.
I = ∫ 1 + x + 2 ! x 2 + 3 ! x 3 + 4 ! x 4 x 4 d x = ∫ 2 4 + 2 4 x + 1 2 x 2 + 4 x 3 + x 4 2 4 x 4 d x = ∫ ( 2 4 − 2 4 + 2 4 x + 1 2 x 2 + 4 x 3 + x 4 2 4 ( 2 4 + 2 4 x + 1 2 x 2 + 4 x 3 ) ) d x = 2 4 x − 2 4 ln ( x 4 + 4 x 3 + 1 2 x 2 + 2 4 x + 2 4 ) + C Multiply up and down by 4 !
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Put 1 + x + 2 ! x 2 . . . 4 ! x 4 = t
Hence, d t = ( 1 + x + 2 ! x 2 + 3 ! x 3 ) d x
Thus, t d x − d t = 4 ! x 4 d x
Putting that in the integral,
⇒ ∫ t 2 4 ( t d x − d t )
= 2 4 ∫ d x + 2 4 ∫ t d t
Put t in terms of x and integrate, and we have the answer.