Ajitesh's function

Algebra Level 4

Consider a function f f from the real numbers to the real numbers, such that 2 f ( x y ) = [ f ( x ) ] y + [ f ( y ) ] x 2f(xy) = [{f(x)}]^y + [{f(y)}]^x for all real values x , y x,y , and f ( 1 ) = 2 f(1) =2 . If i = 1 100 f ( i ) \sum_{i=1}^{100} f(i) can be written as 2 a 2 2^a-2 , what is a a ?

This problem is posed by Ajitesh M.


The answer is 101.

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22 solutions

Jimmy Kariznov
Aug 4, 2013

Since 2 f ( x y ) = f ( x ) y + f ( y ) x 2f(xy) = f(x)^y + f(y)^x holds for all real x , y x,y , it must hold for y = 1 y = 1 .

Thus, 2 f ( x 1 ) = f ( x ) + f ( 1 ) x 2 f ( x ) = f ( x ) + 2 x f ( x ) = 2 x 2f(x \cdot 1) = f(x) + f(1)^x \leadsto 2f(x) = f(x) + 2^x \leadsto f(x) = 2^x .

Clearly, f ( x ) y + f ( y ) x = ( 2 x ) y + ( 2 y ) x = 2 x y + 2 x y = 2 2 x y = 2 f ( x y ) f(x)^y+f(y)^x = (2^x)^y + (2^y)^x = 2^{xy} + 2^{xy} = 2 \cdot 2^{xy} = 2f(xy) .

Therefore, f ( x ) = 2 x f(x) = 2^x for all real x x is indeed the unique solution.

Thus, i = 1 100 f ( i ) = i = 1 100 2 i = 2 101 2 1 2 1 = 2 101 2 = 2 a 2 a = 101 \displaystyle \sum_{i = 1}^{100} f(i) = \displaystyle \sum_{i = 1}^{100} 2^i = \dfrac{2^{101} - 2^1}{2-1} = 2^{101} - 2 = 2^a-2 \leadsto a = \boxed{101} .

Moderator note:

Great approach. I like that you verified f ( x ) = 2 x f(x) = 2^x is indeed a solution. This is often missed about by students. It could be possible that there are no solutions to a randomly stated functional equation. For example, there is no real valued function which satisfies f ( x ) 2 + f ( y ) 2 = 1 f(x) ^2 + f(y) ^2 = - 1 .

Priyansh Sangule
Aug 9, 2013

Let z z be any real number . Thus z z can be written as ( z × 1 ) ( z \times 1 ) .

Now, putting ( z × 1 ) (z \times 1) in 2 f ( x y ) = [ f ( x ) ] y + [ f ( y ) ] x 2f(xy) = [{f(x)}]^y + [{f(y)}]^x

2 f ( z × 1 ) = [ f ( z ) ] 1 + [ f ( 1 ) ] z \Rightarrow 2f(z \times 1) = [{f(z)}]^1 + [{f(1)}]^z

2 f ( z ) [ f ( z ) ] 1 = [ f ( 1 ) ] z \Rightarrow 2f(z) - [{f(z)}]^1 = [{f(1)}]^z

f ( z ) = [ f ( 1 ) ] z \Rightarrow f(z) = [{f(1)}]^z

Now, Since f ( 1 ) = 2 f(1) = 2

f ( z ) = 2 z \Rightarrow f(z)= 2^{z}

Now,

Let S = i = 1 100 f ( i ) \ S = \sum_{i=1}^{100} f(i)

Therefore S = f ( 1 ) + f ( 2 ) + + f ( 100 ) \ S = f(1) + f(2) + \dots + f(100)

S = 2 1 + 2 2 + + 2 100 \Rightarrow S = 2^{1} + 2^{2} + \dots + 2^{100}

S 2 = 1 + 2 1 + + 2 99 \Rightarrow \frac{S}{2} = 1 + 2^{1} + \dots + 2^{99}

S 2 = 1 + S 2 100 \Rightarrow \frac{S}{2} = 1 + S - 2^{100}

2 100 = 1 + S 2 \Rightarrow 2^{100} = 1 + \frac{S}{2}

2 ( 2 100 1 ) = S \Rightarrow 2(2^{100} - 1) = S

2 101 2 = S \Rightarrow 2^{101} - 2 = S

Hence by comparing 2 101 2 2^{101} - 2 by 2 a 2 2^a-2 , we get a = 101 a = 101

WELL WRITTEN

sharvik mital - 7 years, 9 months ago

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You're too was good ! Vote up !

Thanx

Priyansh Sangule - 7 years, 9 months ago
Daniel Liu
Aug 4, 2013

Suppose that y = 1 y=1 . We simplify: 2 f ( x ) = f ( x ) + 2 x f ( x ) = 2 x 2f(x)=f(x)+2^x\implies f(x)=2^x . Now we sum 2 1 + 2 2 + + 2 100 2^1+2^2+\cdots+2^{100} . We can use a trick to find the value of this. Let S = 2 1 + 2 2 + + 2 100 S=2^1+2^2+\cdots +2^{100} . That means S 2 = 2 0 + 2 1 + + 2 99 \dfrac{S}{2}=2^0+2^1+\cdots +2^{99} . We subtract this from our original equation to get S 2 = 2 100 1 \dfrac{S}{2}=2^{100}-1 and therefore S = 2 101 2 S=2^{101}-2 so our answer is 101 \boxed{101}

Taehyung Kim
Aug 4, 2013

For y = 1 y = 1 , we have 2 f ( x ) = f ( x ) + 2 x f ( x ) = 2 x 2f(x) = f(x) + 2^x \implies f(x) = 2^x . Thus the geometric series must be equal to 2 2 100 1 2 1 = 2 101 2. 2\frac{2^{100} - 1}{2-1} = 2^{101} - 2. Thus our answer is 101 101

Moderator note:

You still need to verify that f ( x ) = 2 x f(x) = 2^x indeed does satisfy the given functional equation.

Ouch. I forgot this as well in my solution (which is currently private).

Tanishq Aggarwal - 7 years, 10 months ago
M T
Aug 9, 2013

Fix x x at 1 1 . This creates 2 f ( y ) = 2 y + f ( y ) f ( y ) = 2 y 2f(y) = 2^y + f(y) \Rightarrow f(y) = 2^y .

Note that 2 n + 1 2 = i = 1 n 2 n 2^{n+1} - 2= \sum_{i = 1}^n 2^n . Thus i = 1 100 f ( i ) = i = 1 100 2 i = 2 101 2 a = 101 \sum_{i = 1}^{100} f(i) = \sum_{i = 1}^{100} 2^i = 2^{101} - 2 \Rightarrow a = 101 .

Set X = i X=i and Y = 1 Y=1

So we find the function as

f ( i ) = 2 i f(i)=2^i

and sum of geometry is a ( r n 1 ) r 1 \frac {a(r^n -1)} {r-1}

for n=100, so S = 2 101 2 S=2^{101} - 2

The answer is 101

Caio Dorea
Aug 4, 2013

f (1)=2

Let's y be equal to 1

2f(x)=f(x)+f(1) x ^x

f(x)=2 x ^x

So the sum asked in the question is a geometric progression:

2 1 ^1 +2 2 ^2 +...+2 100 ^{100}

The formula for the sum of geometric progression is:

[2(2 100 ^{100} -1)]/(2-1)

Therefore the result is:

2 101 ^{101} -2

Since that f ( 1 ) = 2 f(1) = 2 , we can use the formation law with x = 1 x=1 and y = n y=n . Then, we have:

2 f ( n ) = f ( 1 ) n + f ( n ) 2f(n) = f(1)^n + f(n) , or, f ( n ) = 2 n f(n) =2^n .

Therefore, i = 1 100 f ( i ) = i = 1 100 2 i = 2 ( 2 100 1 ) 2 1 = 2 101 2 \sum^{100}_{i=1}f(i) =\sum^{100}_{i=1}2^i = \frac{2(2^{100}-1)}{2-1} = 2^{101}-2

Thus, α = 101 \alpha = 101

Aman Rajput
Aug 9, 2013

In the given equation put y =1

You get

2 f ( x ) = f ( x ) + 2 x 2f(x) = f(x) + 2^x

f ( x ) = 2 x f(x) = 2^x Hence using summation formula of Geometric progression you get ur required answer as

2 101 2 2^{101} - 2

Nasir Afroze
Aug 9, 2013

as 2f(xy)=[f(x)]^y+[f(y)]^x holds for all real x,y, it also true for y=1 Then 2f(x.1)=[f(x)]^1+[f(1)]^x 2f(x)=f(x)+2^x [as f(1)=2] =>f(x)=2^x. Clearly,[f(x)]^y+[f(y)]^x=(2^x)^y+(2^y)^x=2^(xy)+2^(xy)=2⋅2^(xy)=2f(xy). Thus, ∑(i=1 to 100)f(i)=∑(i=1 to100)2^i=[2^101−2^1]/[2−1] =2^101−2= 2^a−2=>a=101

Josh Petrin
Aug 8, 2013

Notice that for any n n , we see, by the information given by the problem, that 2 f ( n ) = 2 f ( n 1 ) = [ f ( n ) ] 1 + [ f ( 1 ) ] n = f ( n ) + 2 n \begin{aligned} 2f(n) &= 2f(n \cdot 1) \\ &= [f(n)]^1 + [f(1)]^n \\ &= f(n) + 2^n \end{aligned} And, from simplification, we can now see that, in general, f ( n ) = 2 n . f(n) = 2^n. Neat! Plugging in the values for the summation that we are asked to find, we find that i = 1 100 f ( i ) = 2 1 + 2 2 + 2 3 + + 2 100 \sum_{i=1}^{100} f(i) = 2^1 + 2^2 + 2^3 + \dots + 2^{100} . The sum we are trying to find is equal to 2 1 + 2 1 + 2 2 + 2 3 + + 2 100 2 1 = 2 2 + 2 2 + 2 3 + 2 4 + 2 100 2 1 = 2 3 + 2 3 + 2 4 + 2 5 + 2 100 2 1 = = 2 101 2 \begin{aligned} 2^1 + 2^1 + 2^2 + 2^3 + \dots + 2^{100} - 2^{1} &= 2^2 + 2^2 + 2^3 + 2^4 + \dots 2^{100} - 2^1 \\ &= 2^3 + 2^3 + 2^4 + 2^5 + \dots 2^{100} - 2^1 \\ &= \dots \\ &= 2^{101} - 2 \end{aligned} because the sum continues to telescope to the final power of 2 2 . Thus, a = 101 a = \boxed{101} .

Mark Gil Mangao
Aug 8, 2013

Since we have f ( 1 ) = 2 f(1) =2 we can expressed 2 f ( i ) = 2 f ( 1 × i ) = [ f ( 1 ) ] i + [ f ( i ) ] 1 = 2 i + f ( i ) 2f(i)=2f(1 \times i)=[f(1)]^i + [f(i)]^1=2^i + f(i) f ( i ) = 2 i \Rightarrow f(i)=2^i Thus, i = 1 100 f ( i ) = i = 1 100 2 i = 2 1 + 2 2 + + 2 100 \sum_{i=1}^{100} f(i) = \sum_{i=1}^{100} 2^i=2^1 +2^2 + \cdots +2^{100} This is actually just a geometric series of 100 100 terms with a common ratio of 2 2 . Therefore, i = 1 100 f ( i ) = 2 1 + 2 2 + + 2 100 = 2 ( 2 100 1 ) 2 1 \sum_{i=1}^{100} f(i) = 2^1 +2^2 + \cdots +2^{100} = \frac{2(2^{100}-1)}{2-1} which gives 2 101 2 a = 101 2^{101}-2 \Rightarrow a=101

Prashant Sinha
Aug 6, 2013

Since function is mapped from R to R it is safe to substitute any real value for x without messing up with the domain/range of original function.

Put x = 1 x=1 and y = y y=y in given relation.

2 f ( y ) = [ f ( 1 ) ] y + [ [ f ( y ) ] 1 2f(y) = [f(1)]^{y} + [[f(y)]^{1}

or, f ( y ) = 2 y f(y) = 2^{y}

so, we have sum = 2 + 2 2 + 2 3 + 2 4 + . . . 2 100 2+ 2^{2} + 2^{3} + 2^{4} + ... 2^{100}

which is sum of a Geometric Progression .

applying appropriate G.P formula we can easily get a = 101 a=101

Debjit Mandal
Aug 5, 2013

If, 2 f ( x y ) = [ f ( x ) ] y + [ f ( y ) ] x 2f(xy)=[f(x)]^{y}+[f(y)]^{x} , then let, x = 1 x=1 [ We can take the value of x x , because, there is no restriction over x x , but note that , then the value of y y will be dependent on x x ]
Then,
2 f ( 1. y ) = [ f ( 1 ) ] y + [ f ( y ) ] 1 2f(1.y)=[f(1)]^{y}+[f(y)]^{1}
f ( y ) = 2 y ⇒f(y)=2^{y} [ It is given that, f ( 1 ) = 2 f(1)=2 ]
Then,
i = 1 100 f ( i ) = i = 1 100 2 i \displaystyle \sum_{i=1}^{100} f(i) = \displaystyle \sum_{i=1}^{100} 2^{i}
= 2 1 + 2 2 + 2 3 + 2 4 + . . . . . . . . 2 100 = 2^{1}+2^{2}+2^{3}+2^{4}+........2^{100}
= 2 ( 2 100 1 ) 2 1 = \frac{2(2^{100}-1)}{2-1}
= 2 101 2 = 2^{101}-2
So, the value of a a should be 101 101 [ ANSWER ]








Jeffrey Robles
Aug 5, 2013

Let i = x y i=xy and x = 1 x=1 such that i = y i=y . Hence, i = 1 100 f ( i ) = y = 1 100 f ( y ) \sum_{i=1}^{100} f(i) = \sum_{y=1}^{100} f(y) .

But, 2 f ( y ) = f ( 1 ) y + f ( y ) x f ( y ) = f ( 1 ) y = 2 y 2f(y) = {f(1)}^y +{f(y)}^x \Rightarrow f(y)={f(1)}^y ={2}^y . Therefore y = 1 100 f ( y ) = 2 ( 2 100 1 ) = 2 101 2 \sum_{y=1}^{100} f(y)=2(2^{100}-1)=2^{101}-2 , and a = 101 a=101 .

Moderator note:

This solution can be phrased better. You should first establish that f ( x ) = 2 x f(x) = 2^x , and then apply that condition.

Pranav Arora
Aug 5, 2013

Put y = 1 y=1 i.e

2 f ( x ) = [ f ( x ) ] 1 + [ f ( 1 ) ] x 2f(x)=[f(x)]^1+[f(1)]^x

f ( 1 ) = 2 \because f(1)=2

2 f ( x ) = f ( x ) + 2 x f ( x ) = 2 x \Rightarrow 2f(x)=f(x)+2^x \Rightarrow f(x)=2^x Hence,

i = 1 100 f ( i ) = 2 1 + 2 2 + 2 3 . . . . 2 100 \displaystyle \sum_{i=1}^{100} f(i)=2^1+2^2+2^3....2^{100}

It is a geometric progression which is fairly easy to solve. The result of summation is 2 101 2 2^{101}-2 and hence, a=101 \fbox{a=101} .

Cody Johnson
Aug 4, 2013

Let y = 1 y=1 : 2 f ( x ) = [ f ( x ) ] 1 + [ f ( 1 ) ] x = f ( x ) + 2 x f ( x ) = 2 x 2f(x)=[f(x)]^1+[f(1)]^x=f(x)+2^x\to f(x)=2^x . From geometric series, i = 1 100 2 i = 2 2 100 1 2 1 = 2 101 2 \sum_{i=1}^{100}2^i=2\frac{2^{100}-1}{2-1}=2^{101}-2 . a = 101 a=\boxed{101}

Advitiya Brijesh
Aug 4, 2013

Let, x = 1 x=1 and y = y y=y , which leads to f ( x ) = 2 x f(x)=2^x . Now this form G.P. :)

Rodrigo Amorim
Aug 4, 2013

Using y = 1 y=1 we have f ( x ) = 2 x f(x) = 2^{x} . So i = 1 100 f ( x ) = 2 + 2 2 + . . . + 2 100 = 2 101 2 \sum_{i=1}^{100}f(x) = 2 + 2^{2} + ... + 2^{100}= 2^{101} - 2

(2f(x) = f(x) + 1)\

Reynan Henry - 7 years, 10 months ago

2 f ( x ) = f ( x ) + 1 2f(x) = f(x) + 1

Reynan Henry - 7 years, 10 months ago

sry 2 f ( x ) = f ( x ) + 2 x 2f(x) = f(x) + 2^{x}

Reynan Henry - 7 years, 10 months ago
Siddharth Prasad
Aug 4, 2013

Note that 2 f ( n ) = 2 f ( n 1 ) = f ( n ) + f ( 1 ) n 2f(n)=2f(n\cdot 1)=f(n)+f(1)^n , so f ( n ) = 2 n f(n)=2^n . Thus we have $$\sum {i=1}^{100}f(i)=\sum {i=1}^{100}2^i.$$ Using the identity $$\sum_{i=0}^n 2^i = 2^{n+1}-1,$$ which can be proved inductively, we get a = 101 \boxed{a=101}

Daniel Chiu
Aug 4, 2013

Let y = 1 y=1 , so we have: 2 f ( x 1 ) = f ( x ) + f ( 1 ) x 2f(x\cdot 1)=f(x)+f(1)^x f ( x ) = f ( 1 ) x = 2 x f(x)=f(1)^x=2^x Our sum is 2 + 4 + 8 + + 2 100 = 2 101 2 2+4+8+\cdots+2^{100}=2^{101}-2 The answer is 101 \boxed{101} .

First, use x = 1 to find the function f:

[; \mathbf{2f(1\cdot y)=f(1)^{y}+f(y)^{1}} ;]

Organize:

[; \mathbf{f(y)=2^{y}} ;]

At same time:

[; \mathbf{f(x)=2^{x}} ;]

Let S be the sum:

[; \mathbf{S=\sum_{1}^{100}f(i)= 2^{1}+2^{2}+...+2^{100}} ;]

Multiply both side by a factor [; \mathbf{2} ;]:

[; \mathbf{2\cdot S=2^{2} + 2^{3} +...+ 2^{101}} ;]

Then:

[; \mathbf{2S - S = S = 2^{101}-2^{1}} ;]

By the identity:

[; \mathbf{\alpha = 101} ;]

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