Consider a function f from the real numbers to the real numbers, such that 2 f ( x y ) = [ f ( x ) ] y + [ f ( y ) ] x for all real values x , y , and f ( 1 ) = 2 . If ∑ i = 1 1 0 0 f ( i ) can be written as 2 a − 2 , what is a ?
This problem is posed by Ajitesh M.
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Great approach. I like that you verified f ( x ) = 2 x is indeed a solution. This is often missed about by students. It could be possible that there are no solutions to a randomly stated functional equation. For example, there is no real valued function which satisfies f ( x ) 2 + f ( y ) 2 = − 1 .
Let z be any real number . Thus z can be written as ( z × 1 ) .
Now, putting ( z × 1 ) in 2 f ( x y ) = [ f ( x ) ] y + [ f ( y ) ] x
⇒ 2 f ( z × 1 ) = [ f ( z ) ] 1 + [ f ( 1 ) ] z
⇒ 2 f ( z ) − [ f ( z ) ] 1 = [ f ( 1 ) ] z
⇒ f ( z ) = [ f ( 1 ) ] z
Now, Since f ( 1 ) = 2
⇒ f ( z ) = 2 z
Now,
Let S = ∑ i = 1 1 0 0 f ( i )
Therefore S = f ( 1 ) + f ( 2 ) + ⋯ + f ( 1 0 0 )
⇒ S = 2 1 + 2 2 + ⋯ + 2 1 0 0
⇒ 2 S = 1 + 2 1 + ⋯ + 2 9 9
⇒ 2 S = 1 + S − 2 1 0 0
⇒ 2 1 0 0 = 1 + 2 S
⇒ 2 ( 2 1 0 0 − 1 ) = S
⇒ 2 1 0 1 − 2 = S
Hence by comparing 2 1 0 1 − 2 by 2 a − 2 , we get a = 1 0 1
WELL WRITTEN
Suppose that y = 1 . We simplify: 2 f ( x ) = f ( x ) + 2 x ⟹ f ( x ) = 2 x . Now we sum 2 1 + 2 2 + ⋯ + 2 1 0 0 . We can use a trick to find the value of this. Let S = 2 1 + 2 2 + ⋯ + 2 1 0 0 . That means 2 S = 2 0 + 2 1 + ⋯ + 2 9 9 . We subtract this from our original equation to get 2 S = 2 1 0 0 − 1 and therefore S = 2 1 0 1 − 2 so our answer is 1 0 1
For y = 1 , we have 2 f ( x ) = f ( x ) + 2 x ⟹ f ( x ) = 2 x . Thus the geometric series must be equal to 2 2 − 1 2 1 0 0 − 1 = 2 1 0 1 − 2 . Thus our answer is 1 0 1
You still need to verify that f ( x ) = 2 x indeed does satisfy the given functional equation.
Ouch. I forgot this as well in my solution (which is currently private).
Fix x at 1 . This creates 2 f ( y ) = 2 y + f ( y ) ⇒ f ( y ) = 2 y .
Note that 2 n + 1 − 2 = ∑ i = 1 n 2 n . Thus ∑ i = 1 1 0 0 f ( i ) = ∑ i = 1 1 0 0 2 i = 2 1 0 1 − 2 ⇒ a = 1 0 1 .
Set X = i and Y = 1
So we find the function as
f ( i ) = 2 i
and sum of geometry is r − 1 a ( r n − 1 )
for n=100, so S = 2 1 0 1 − 2
The answer is 101
f (1)=2
Let's y be equal to 1
2f(x)=f(x)+f(1) x
f(x)=2 x
So the sum asked in the question is a geometric progression:
2 1 +2 2 +...+2 1 0 0
The formula for the sum of geometric progression is:
[2(2 1 0 0 -1)]/(2-1)
Therefore the result is:
2 1 0 1 -2
Since that f ( 1 ) = 2 , we can use the formation law with x = 1 and y = n . Then, we have:
2 f ( n ) = f ( 1 ) n + f ( n ) , or, f ( n ) = 2 n .
Therefore, ∑ i = 1 1 0 0 f ( i ) = ∑ i = 1 1 0 0 2 i = 2 − 1 2 ( 2 1 0 0 − 1 ) = 2 1 0 1 − 2
Thus, α = 1 0 1
In the given equation put y =1
You get
2 f ( x ) = f ( x ) + 2 x
f ( x ) = 2 x Hence using summation formula of Geometric progression you get ur required answer as
2 1 0 1 − 2
as 2f(xy)=[f(x)]^y+[f(y)]^x holds for all real x,y, it also true for y=1 Then 2f(x.1)=[f(x)]^1+[f(1)]^x 2f(x)=f(x)+2^x [as f(1)=2] =>f(x)=2^x. Clearly,[f(x)]^y+[f(y)]^x=(2^x)^y+(2^y)^x=2^(xy)+2^(xy)=2⋅2^(xy)=2f(xy). Thus, ∑(i=1 to 100)f(i)=∑(i=1 to100)2^i=[2^101−2^1]/[2−1] =2^101−2= 2^a−2=>a=101
Notice that for any n , we see, by the information given by the problem, that 2 f ( n ) = 2 f ( n ⋅ 1 ) = [ f ( n ) ] 1 + [ f ( 1 ) ] n = f ( n ) + 2 n And, from simplification, we can now see that, in general, f ( n ) = 2 n . Neat! Plugging in the values for the summation that we are asked to find, we find that ∑ i = 1 1 0 0 f ( i ) = 2 1 + 2 2 + 2 3 + ⋯ + 2 1 0 0 . The sum we are trying to find is equal to 2 1 + 2 1 + 2 2 + 2 3 + ⋯ + 2 1 0 0 − 2 1 = 2 2 + 2 2 + 2 3 + 2 4 + … 2 1 0 0 − 2 1 = 2 3 + 2 3 + 2 4 + 2 5 + … 2 1 0 0 − 2 1 = … = 2 1 0 1 − 2 because the sum continues to telescope to the final power of 2 . Thus, a = 1 0 1 .
Since we have f ( 1 ) = 2 we can expressed 2 f ( i ) = 2 f ( 1 × i ) = [ f ( 1 ) ] i + [ f ( i ) ] 1 = 2 i + f ( i ) ⇒ f ( i ) = 2 i Thus, i = 1 ∑ 1 0 0 f ( i ) = i = 1 ∑ 1 0 0 2 i = 2 1 + 2 2 + ⋯ + 2 1 0 0 This is actually just a geometric series of 1 0 0 terms with a common ratio of 2 . Therefore, i = 1 ∑ 1 0 0 f ( i ) = 2 1 + 2 2 + ⋯ + 2 1 0 0 = 2 − 1 2 ( 2 1 0 0 − 1 ) which gives 2 1 0 1 − 2 ⇒ a = 1 0 1
Since function is mapped from R to R it is safe to substitute any real value for x without messing up with the domain/range of original function.
Put x = 1 and y = y in given relation.
2 f ( y ) = [ f ( 1 ) ] y + [ [ f ( y ) ] 1
or, f ( y ) = 2 y
so, we have sum = 2 + 2 2 + 2 3 + 2 4 + . . . 2 1 0 0
which is sum of a Geometric Progression .
applying appropriate G.P formula we can easily get a = 1 0 1
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[ ANSWER ]
Let i = x y and x = 1 such that i = y . Hence, ∑ i = 1 1 0 0 f ( i ) = ∑ y = 1 1 0 0 f ( y ) .
But, 2 f ( y ) = f ( 1 ) y + f ( y ) x ⇒ f ( y ) = f ( 1 ) y = 2 y . Therefore ∑ y = 1 1 0 0 f ( y ) = 2 ( 2 1 0 0 − 1 ) = 2 1 0 1 − 2 , and a = 1 0 1 .
This solution can be phrased better. You should first establish that f ( x ) = 2 x , and then apply that condition.
Put y = 1 i.e
2 f ( x ) = [ f ( x ) ] 1 + [ f ( 1 ) ] x
∵ f ( 1 ) = 2
⇒ 2 f ( x ) = f ( x ) + 2 x ⇒ f ( x ) = 2 x Hence,
i = 1 ∑ 1 0 0 f ( i ) = 2 1 + 2 2 + 2 3 . . . . 2 1 0 0
It is a geometric progression which is fairly easy to solve. The result of summation is 2 1 0 1 − 2 and hence, a = 1 0 1 .
Let y = 1 : 2 f ( x ) = [ f ( x ) ] 1 + [ f ( 1 ) ] x = f ( x ) + 2 x → f ( x ) = 2 x . From geometric series, ∑ i = 1 1 0 0 2 i = 2 2 − 1 2 1 0 0 − 1 = 2 1 0 1 − 2 . a = 1 0 1
Let, x = 1 and y = y , which leads to f ( x ) = 2 x . Now this form G.P. :)
Using y = 1 we have f ( x ) = 2 x . So ∑ i = 1 1 0 0 f ( x ) = 2 + 2 2 + . . . + 2 1 0 0 = 2 1 0 1 − 2
(2f(x) = f(x) + 1)\
2 f ( x ) = f ( x ) + 1
sry 2 f ( x ) = f ( x ) + 2 x
Note that 2 f ( n ) = 2 f ( n ⋅ 1 ) = f ( n ) + f ( 1 ) n , so f ( n ) = 2 n . Thus we have $$\sum {i=1}^{100}f(i)=\sum {i=1}^{100}2^i.$$ Using the identity $$\sum_{i=0}^n 2^i = 2^{n+1}-1,$$ which can be proved inductively, we get a = 1 0 1
Let y = 1 , so we have: 2 f ( x ⋅ 1 ) = f ( x ) + f ( 1 ) x f ( x ) = f ( 1 ) x = 2 x Our sum is 2 + 4 + 8 + ⋯ + 2 1 0 0 = 2 1 0 1 − 2 The answer is 1 0 1 .
First, use x = 1 to find the function f:
[; \mathbf{2f(1\cdot y)=f(1)^{y}+f(y)^{1}} ;]
Organize:
[; \mathbf{f(y)=2^{y}} ;]
At same time:
[; \mathbf{f(x)=2^{x}} ;]
Let S be the sum:
[; \mathbf{S=\sum_{1}^{100}f(i)= 2^{1}+2^{2}+...+2^{100}} ;]
Multiply both side by a factor [; \mathbf{2} ;]:
[; \mathbf{2\cdot S=2^{2} + 2^{3} +...+ 2^{101}} ;]
Then:
[; \mathbf{2S - S = S = 2^{101}-2^{1}} ;]
By the identity:
[; \mathbf{\alpha = 101} ;]
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Since 2 f ( x y ) = f ( x ) y + f ( y ) x holds for all real x , y , it must hold for y = 1 .
Thus, 2 f ( x ⋅ 1 ) = f ( x ) + f ( 1 ) x ⇝ 2 f ( x ) = f ( x ) + 2 x ⇝ f ( x ) = 2 x .
Clearly, f ( x ) y + f ( y ) x = ( 2 x ) y + ( 2 y ) x = 2 x y + 2 x y = 2 ⋅ 2 x y = 2 f ( x y ) .
Therefore, f ( x ) = 2 x for all real x is indeed the unique solution.
Thus, i = 1 ∑ 1 0 0 f ( i ) = i = 1 ∑ 1 0 0 2 i = 2 − 1 2 1 0 1 − 2 1 = 2 1 0 1 − 2 = 2 a − 2 ⇝ a = 1 0 1 .