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The simplest way to solve this problem (and the key way to avoid making mistakes with the algebra) is to simply plug in your own numbers for a, r and y. If we keep it simple, let us say that the loan amount a is 100 dollars, the interest rate r is 0.1, and the length of the loan is 2 years. Now we can find our initial p.
p = . 5 a r y + a 1 2 y
p = . 5 ( 1 0 0 ) ( 0 . 1 ) ( 2 ) + 1 0 0 1 2 ( 2 )
p = 1 1 0 2 4
p = 4 . 5 8
Now if we leave everything else intact, but double our loan amount (a value), we get:
p = . 5 a r y + a 1 2 y p = . 5 ( 2 0 0 ) ( 0 . 1 ) ( 2 ) + 2 0 0 1 2 ( 2 )
p = 2 2 0 2 4
p = 9 . 1 6
When we doubled our a value, our p value also doubled.
Our final answer is,p is multiplied by 2