For any two real numbers and , the operation defined by is
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a ⊕ b = a b + 1 = b a + 1 = b ⊕ a Therefore, the operation is commutative . However, letting c be a third real number, we have ( a ⊕ b ) ⊕ c = ( a b + 1 ) ⊕ c = ( a b + 1 ) c + 1 = a b c + c + 1 and a ⊕ ( b ⊕ c ) = a ⊕ ( b c + 1 ) = a ( b c + 1 ) + 1 = a b c + a + 1 The equality of the two above equations only holds if a = c . Thus, for all real numbers a , b (and c ), the operation is not associative .