Let For a real number define the function If where and are coprime positive integers, what is the value of
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The derivative of f ( x ) is f ′ ( x ) = 3 x 2 − 3 , whose zeros are -1 and 1. So f ′ ( x ) is positive on the intervals ( − ∞ , − 1 ) and ( 1 , ∞ ) and negative on ( − 1 , 1 ) , then the function f ( x ) is decreasing on the interval [ − 1 , 1 ] , so 1 = f ( − 1 ) ≥ f ( x ) ≥ f ( 0 ) = − 1 , and, consequently, ∣ f ( x ) ∣ ≤ 1 for all x such that − 1 ≤ x ≤ t if t ≤ 0 , and ∣ f ( − 1 ) ∣ = 1 . Therefore, g ( t ) = 1 for all t ∈ [ − 1 , 0 ] . Besides that, − 1 = f ( 0 ) ≥ f ( x ) ≥ f ( 1 ) = − 3 for all x such that 0 ≤ x ≤ 1 , therefore ∣ f ( x ) ∣ is increasing on [ 0 , 1 ] and ∣ f ( 0 ) ∣ = 1 . Therefore, when 0 ≤ t ≤ 1 we have g ( t ) = max − 1 ≤ x ≤ t ∣ f ( x ) ∣ = max 0 ≤ x ≤ t ∣ f ( x ) ∣ = ∣ f ( t ) ∣ = − t 3 + 3 t + 1 . Then we get ∫ − 1 1 g ( t ) d t = ∫ − 1 0 g ( t ) d t + ∫ 0 1 g ( t ) d t = ∫ − 1 0 1 d t + ∫ 0 1 ( − t 3 + 3 t + 1 ) d t = 4 1 3 . So the answer of the problem is 17.