Integration of the defined function

Calculus Level 4

Let f ( x ) = x 3 3 x 1. f(x)=x^3-3x-1. For a real number t 1 , t\geq-1, define the function g ( t ) = max 1 x t f ( x ) . g(t)=\max_{-1\leq x\leq t}|f(x)|. If 1 1 g ( t ) d t = p q , \displaystyle \int_{-1}^{1}g(t)\, dt =\frac{p}{q}, where p p and q q are coprime positive integers, what is the value of p + q ? p+q?


The answer is 17.

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1 solution

Arturo Presa
Oct 27, 2015

The derivative of f ( x ) f(x) is f ( x ) = 3 x 2 3 f '(x)=3x^2-3 , whose zeros are -1 and 1. So f ( x ) f '(x) is positive on the intervals ( , 1 ) (-\infty, -1) and ( 1 , ) (1, \infty) and negative on ( 1 , 1 ) , (-1, 1), then the function f ( x ) f(x) is decreasing on the interval [ 1 , 1 ] [-1, 1] , so 1 = f ( 1 ) f ( x ) f ( 0 ) = 1 , 1=f(-1)\geq f(x) \geq f(0)=-1, and, consequently, f ( x ) 1 |f(x)|\leq 1 for all x x such that 1 x t -1\leq x \leq t if t 0 , t\leq 0, and f ( 1 ) = 1. |f(-1)|=1. Therefore, g ( t ) = 1 g(t)=1 for all t [ 1 , 0 ] . t\in [-1, 0]. Besides that, 1 = f ( 0 ) f ( x ) f ( 1 ) = 3 -1=f(0) \geq f(x) \geq f(1)=-3 for all x x such that 0 x 1 0\leq x\leq 1 , therefore f ( x ) |f(x)| is increasing on [ 0 , 1 ] [0, 1] and f ( 0 ) = 1 |f(0)|=1 . Therefore, when 0 t 1 0\leq t\leq 1 we have g ( t ) = max 1 x t f ( x ) = max 0 x t f ( x ) = f ( t ) = t 3 + 3 t + 1. g(t)=\max_{-1\leq x\leq t}|f(x)|=\max_{0\leq x\leq t}|f(x)|=|f(t)|=-t^3+3t+1. Then we get 1 1 g ( t ) d t = 1 0 g ( t ) d t + 0 1 g ( t ) d t = 1 0 1 d t + 0 1 ( t 3 + 3 t + 1 ) d t = 13 4 . \int_{-1}^{1}g(t) dt=\int_{-1}^{0}g(t) dt+\int_{0}^{1}g(t) dt=\int_{-1}^{0}1 dt+\int_{0}^{1}(-t^3+3t+1) dt=\frac{13}{4}. So the answer of the problem is 17.

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