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Algebra Level 4

Let α 1 , , α d , β 1 , , β e C \alpha_1,\ldots,\alpha_d,\beta_1,\ldots,\beta_e\in\mathbb{C} be such that the polynomials

f 1 ( x ) = i = 1 d ( x α i ) f_1(x) =\prod_{i=1}^d(x-\alpha_i) and

f 2 ( x ) = i = 1 e ( x β i ) f_2(x) =\prod_{i=1}^e(x-\beta_i) have integer coefficients.

Suppose that there exist polynomials g 1 , g 2 Z [ x ] g_1, g_2 \in\mathbb{Z}[x] such that f 1 g 1 + f 2 g 2 = 1 f_1g_1 +f_2g_2 = 1

Then the value of

i = 1 d j = 1 e ( α i β j ) \left|\prod_{i=1}^d \prod_{j=1}^e (\alpha_i - \beta_j)\right| is


The answer is 1.

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1 solution

Given p ( x ) Z [ x ] p(x)\in\mathbb{Z}[x] , the polynomial

q ( x 1 , , x m ) = i = 1 m p ( x i ) q(x_1, \ldots, x_m) = \prod_{i = 1}^{m}p(x_{i}) , is a symmetric polynomial in Z [ x 1 , , x m ] \mathbb{Z}[x_1,\ldots,x_m] . By the fundamental theorem of symmetric polynomials q ( x 1 , , x m ) = r ( s 1 , , s m ) q(x_1,\ldots,x_m) = r(s_1,\ldots,s_m) where the s i s_i are the elementary symmetric polynomials , and r Z [ x 1 , , x m ] r \in\mathbb{Z}[x_1,\ldots, x_m] (in fact the coefficients of r r are uniquely given by the coefficients of q q ). Now if f 1 ( x ) = x m c 1 x m 1 + + ( 1 ) m c m f_1(x) = x^m - c_1x^{m - 1} + \ldots + ( - 1)^mc_m . Then q ( a 1 , , a m ) = r ( c 1 , , c m ) q(a_1,\ldots,a_m) = r(c_1,\ldots,c_m) (by Viète's formulas). This means that i = 1 m p ( a i ) Z \prod_{i = 1}^{m}p(a_{i}) \in \mathbb{Z} for any p ( x ) Z [ x ] p(x)\in\mathbb{Z}[x] . ( ) (*) Finally evaluating f 1 g 1 + f 2 g 2 = 1 f_1g_1 + f_2g_2 = 1 in a i a_i for i = 1 , , m i = 1,\ldots,m it follows that f 2 ( a i ) g 2 ( a i ) = 1 f_2(a_i)g_2(a_i) = 1 and then

i = 1 m f 2 ( a i ) i = 1 m g 2 ( a i ) = 1 \prod_{i = 1}^{m}f_2(a_{i})\prod_{i = 1}^{m}g_2(a_{i}) = 1

by ( ) (*) both i = 1 m f 2 ( a i ) \prod_{i = 1}^{m}f_2(a_{i}) and i = 1 m g 2 ( a i ) \prod_{i = 1}^{m}g_2(a_{i}) are integers. So i = 1 m f 2 ( a i ) \prod_{i = 1}^{m}f_2(a_{i}) is a unity of Z \mathbb{Z} , then it is 1 1 or 1 - 1 , equivalently

i = 1 m f 2 ( a i ) = 1 |\prod_{i = 1}^{m}f_2(a_{i})| = 1 but this is just i = 1 m j = 1 n ( a i b j ) = 1 |\prod_{i = 1}^{m}\prod_{j = 1}^{n}(a_{i} - b_{j})| = 1

So this uses most of the Galois theory part and ring theory?

Rohan Shinde - 2 years, 3 months ago

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