An odd material

From the wreck of an extraterrestrial spaceship, a homogeneous sphere of an unknown material is found, which seems to have interesting magnetic properties. This sphere is placed in a homogeneous magnetic field H \vec H so that the magnetic field lines ( \big( magnetic flux density B ) \vec B\big) can be viewed.

Shown below are the results for two different field strengths H = H 0 H = H_0 and 2 H 0 . 2 H_0.

What kind of material is it?

normal metal ferromagnet normal diamagnet insulator superconductor paramagnet antiferromagnet

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1 solution

Markus Michelmann
Oct 24, 2017

The observation shows that the magnetic field lines are completely displaced by the sphere. The sphere itself therefore has a magnetization M \vec M , which is opposed to the outer field H \vec H and perfectly compensates for this, so that B = M + μ 0 H = 0 \vec B = \vec M + \mu_0 \vec H = 0 inside the sphere. Therefore, the magnetization showns linear relationship M = μ 0 χ H \vec M = \mu_0 \chi \vec H with a magnetic susceptibility χ = 1 \chi = -1 . Materials with χ < 0 \chi < 0 are called diamagnets, but the absolute values for the susceptibility even for highly diamagnetic materials are 10,000 times lower, so that χ = O ( 1 0 5 ) . . . O ( 1 0 4 ) |\chi| = \mathcal{O}(10^{-5}) ... \mathcal{O}(10^{-4}) . The only exception are superconductors , which are perfect diamagnetic materials with χ = 1 \chi = -1 in addition to the property that they can conduct electrical current without resistance. The expulsion of a magnetic field from a superconductor is also called Meissner–Ochsenfeld effect , that can be demonstrated by levitating a small magnet above the superconductor.

Therefore, the aliens found a material, that is a superconductor at room temperature. This is striking news for solid-state physics!

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