An ode to 2019

The value of k = 0 673 ( 2019 3 k ) \displaystyle \sum_{k=0}^{673} \dbinom{2019}{3k} can be expressed in the form a b c d \dfrac{a^{b} - c}{d} where a , c a,c and d d are prime. Find a + b + c + d a + b + c + d .


The answer is 2026.

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1 solution

Mark Hennings
Mar 12, 2019

We note that 1 + ω k + ω 2 k = 3 1 + \omega^k + \omega^{2k} = 3 when the integer k k is a multiple of 3 3 , and is equal to 0 0 otherwise. Thus 3 k = 0 673 ( 2019 3 k ) = k = 0 2019 ( 2019 k ) ( 1 + ω k + ω 2 k ) = ( 1 + 1 ) 2019 + ( 1 + ω ) 2019 + ( 1 + ω 2 ) 2019 = 2 2019 + ( ω 2 ) 2019 + ( ω ) 2019 = 2 2019 1 1 = 2 2019 2 \begin{aligned} 3\sum_{k=0}^{673}\binom{2019}{3k} & = \; \sum_{k=0}^{2019}\binom{2019}{k}\big(1 + \omega^k+\omega^{2k}\big) \; = \; (1 + 1)^{2019} + (1 + \omega)^{2019} + (1 + \omega^2)^{2019} \\ & = \; 2^{2019} + (-\omega^2)^{2019} + (-\omega)^{2019} \; = \; 2^{2019} - 1 - 1 \; = \; 2^{2019} - 2 \end{aligned} so that a = 2 a=2 , b = 2019 b=2019 , c = 2 c=2 and d = 3 d=3 , making the answer 2 + 2019 + 2 + 3 = 2026 2+2019 + 2 +3 = \boxed{2026} .

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