For a positive integer , let be the total sum of the intervals of such that , and
If where are coprime integers. Find .
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Let's consider what is going on when n is already large, this way we will get the idea towards the solution.
If n is big, sin ( 4 n x ) oscillates very frequently and 1 interval is 2 n π which is very small in the limit n tends to infinity. More precisely, the variation of sin ( x ) function is of order n 1 across this 1 cycle interval. So, we can regard this as a constant.
Now, if A is a positive constant, the length of interval of sin ( x ) such that the function lies above the level A is π − 2 arcsin ( A )
In our case, we split [ 0 , π / 2 ] into n intervals of equal length equals to 2 n π , so, the sum of all intervals satisfy the condition is then Σ m = 0 n − 1 4 n 1 ( π − 2 arcsin ( sin ( 2 n m π ) ) ) .
We can sum these explicitly, we get 4 π ( 1 − 2 n n + 1 ) in the limit n tends to infinity, we get S n = 8 π , so 1 + 8 = 9