Angular Momentum 10-9-2020

Classical Mechanics Level pending

Two particles of masses m 1 m_1 and m 2 m_2 are in the x y xy plane. The particles are free to move under the influence of their mutual gravitation. At time t = 0 t = 0 , their positions and velocities are:

( x 1 , y 1 ) = ( 0 , 0 ) ( x 2 , y 2 ) = ( 1 , 0 ) ( x ˙ 1 , y ˙ 1 ) = ( 1 , 0 ) ( x ˙ 2 , y ˙ 2 ) = ( 0.5 , 1 ) (x_1, y_1 ) = (0,0) \\ (x_2, y_2 ) = (1,0) \\ (\dot{x}_1, \dot{y}_1) = (1,0) \\ (\dot{x}_2, \dot{y}_2) = (-0.5,1)

Let P 1 = ( x 1 , y 1 ) \vec{P}_1 = (x_1,y_1) and P 2 = ( x 2 , y 2 ) \vec{P}_2 = (x_2,y_2) be the positions of the particles, and let P \vec{P} be a reference point. Define two displacement vectors:

r 1 = P 1 P r 2 = P 2 P \vec{r}_1 = \vec{P}_1 - \vec{P} \\ \vec{r}_2 = \vec{P}_2 - \vec{P}

Let the velocities of the particles be v 1 = ( x ˙ 1 , y ˙ 1 ) \vec{v}_1 = (\dot{x}_1, \dot{y}_1) and v 2 = ( x ˙ 2 , y ˙ 2 ) \vec{v}_2 = (\dot{x}_2, \dot{y}_2) . The magnitudes of the angular momenta of the particles are:

L 1 = r 1 × m 1 v 1 L 2 = r 2 × m 2 v 2 L_1 = |\vec{r}_1 \times m_1 \, \vec{v}_1| \\ L_2 = |\vec{r}_2 \times m_2 \, \vec{v}_2|

The quantity L 1 L_1 has a local maximum between t = 0 t = 0 and t = 1 t = 1 . What is its value?

Details and Assumptions:
1) m 1 = m 2 = 1 m_1 = m_2 = 1
2) Universal gravitational constant G = 1 G = 1
3) P = ( P x , P y ) = ( 0 , 3 ) \vec{P} = (P_x, P_y) = (0,3)
4) |\cdot| denotes the magnitude of a vector, and × \times denotes the vector cross product


The answer is 6.526.

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1 solution

Karan Chatrath
Oct 10, 2020

Attached here is a completely numerical solution. Code attached below is commented. I will elaborate on steps further if requested.

Shown below are the plots of the trajectories of the masses and a plot of angular momenta. One can see that the total angular momentum is conserved. This results is expected as no external torque acts on the system.

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clear all
clc

% constants initialisation:
m1     = 1;
m2     = 1;
G      = 1;

% Time and time-step initialisation:
dt     = 1e-4;
tf     = 1;
t      = 0:dt:tf;

% Initial conditions:
x1(1)  = 0;
y1(1)  = 0;
x2(1)  = 1;
y2(1)  = 0;
dx1(1) = 1;
dy1(1) = 0;
dx2(1) = -0.5;
dy2(1) = 1;

% Reference point:
P      = [0;3;0];
% Loop to compute the two-body problem solution:
for k = 1:length(t)-1

    % Position vectors:
    P1       = [x1(k);y1(k);0];
    P2       = [x2(k);y2(k);0];

    % Position vectors relative to reference point
    r1       = P1 - P;
    r2       = P2 - P;

    % Velocity vectors:
    v1       = [dx1(k);dy1(k);0];
    v2       = [dx2(k);dy2(k);0];

    % Angular momentun vectors:
    L1(:,k)  = m1*cross(r1,v1);
    L2(:,k)  = m2*cross(r2,v2);

    % Vector joining P1 and P2 and directed towards P1:
    D        = P1 - P2;

    % Gravitational force vector acting on mass 1:
    F12      = -(G*m1*m2*D)/norm(D)^3;

    % Gravitational force vector acting on mass 2:
    F21      = -F12;

    % Acceleration vector - Newton's second law:
    a1       = F12/m1;
    a2       = F21/m2;

    % Extracting acceleration components:
    ddx1     = a1(1);
    ddy1     = a1(2);
    ddx2     = a2(1);
    ddy2     = a2(2);

    % Numerical integration for velocity components:
    dx1(k+1) = dx1(k) + ddx1*dt;
    dx2(k+1) = dx2(k) + ddx2*dt;
    dy1(k+1) = dy1(k) + ddy1*dt;
    dy2(k+1) = dy2(k) + ddy2*dt;

    % Numerical integration for position coordinates:
    x1(k+1)  = x1(k) + dt*dx1(k+1);
    y1(k+1)  = y1(k) + dt*dy1(k+1);
    x2(k+1)  = x2(k) + dt*dx2(k+1);
    y2(k+1)  = y2(k) + dt*dy2(k+1);
end

ANSWER = max(abs(L1(3,:)));

@Karan Chatrath Upvoted as always. Can't we solve anaylitcally?

Talulah Riley - 8 months ago

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I did not try solving analytically. I think doing so would be difficult.

Karan Chatrath - 8 months ago

@Karan Chatrath Today i have some 2-3 doubts on mechanics. Can you help. Are you free today?

Talulah Riley - 8 months ago

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You could share the problems, and I will try them when I can

Karan Chatrath - 8 months ago

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