What is the average of all the first digits of all the powers of in base ?
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Let { x } denote the fractional part of x, and ⌊ x ⌋ denote the floor function of x.
So, the first digit of 1 7 2 9 a in base 9 is equal to ⌊ 9 { a l o g 9 1 7 2 9 } ⌋
Now, let us concentrate on { a l o g 9 1 7 2 9 } . Since a ranges from 1 to infinity (all powers of 1729 means that a ranges from one to infinity), { a l o g 9 1 7 2 9 } has equal probability of being any number between [ 0 , 1 ) .
Now, since p r o b a b i l i t y = n u m b e r o f c a s e s n u m b e r o f a p p e a r a n c e s o f c a s e and m e a n = n u m b e r o f c a s e s ( n u m b e r ) ∗ ( n u m b e r o f a p p e a r a n c e s o f n u m b e r ) , we can conclude that m e a n = ( n u m b e r ) ∗ ( p r o b a b i l i t y o f t h a t n o . b e i n g s e l e c t e d )
So, if 0 ≤ { a l o g 9 1 7 2 9 } < l o g 9 2 , then the first digit is 1. So the probability that the first digit is 1 is l o g 9 2 − 0 = l o g 9 2
Similarly, if l o g 9 2 ≤ { a l o g 9 1 7 2 9 } < l o g 9 3 , then the first digit is 2, So, the probability that the first digit is 2 is l o g 9 3 − l o g 9 2 = l o g 9 2 3
Continuing on, we get that the probability of n as the first digit is l o g 9 n n + 1
By the formula for the mean stated above, we get our probability as ∑ i = 1 8 ( i ∗ l o g 9 i i + 1 )
By a calculator, we get our answer as 3 . 1 7 3
This is basically an extension of Benford's law