Average of the Squares

Find the first positive integer n n greater than one, for which the average of 1 2 , 2 2 , 3 2 , , n 2 1^2,2^2,3^2,\ldots,n^2 is a perfect square.


The answer is 337.

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1 solution

Shaun Leong
Dec 19, 2015

Using sum of squares formula, i = 1 n i 2 n \frac {\displaystyle\sum_{i=1}^n i^2}{n} = n ( n + 1 ) ( 2 n + 1 ) 6 n =\frac {n (n+1)(2n+1)}{6n} = 2 n 2 + 3 n + 1 6 =\frac {2n^2+3n+1}{6} Let this be equal to y 2 y^2 for a positive integer y. Rearranging and using the quadratic formula to solve for n, we get n = 3 ± 48 y 2 + 1 4 n = \frac {-3 \pm \sqrt {48y^2+1}}{4} We reject the negative solution as n is a positive integer. Let 48 y 2 + 1 = x 2 48y^2+1=x^2 for some positive integer x. Rearranging, x 2 48 y 2 = 1 x^2-48y^2=1 This is Pell's equation and has solutions ( x , y ) = ( 7 , 1 ) , ( 97 , 14 ) , ( 1351 , 195 ) , (x,y)=(7,1), (97,14), (1351,195),\ldots (7,1) gives n=1, (97,14) gives a fractional n and (1351,195) yields the smallest positive integer value of n = 337 n = \boxed {337}

Nice solution Shaun.

I want to do like this.

We have 2 n 2 + 3 n + 1 = 6 y 2 2{n}^{2} + 3n + 1 = 6{y}^{2} for some positive integer y y .

Now i want to apply divisibility rules.

Can you tell me what is the next step?

Priyanshu Mishra - 5 years, 5 months ago

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You could show that n is of the form 6 k ± 1 6k \pm 1 by taking mod 2 and 3.

In both cases, after dividing both sides by 6, you could note that both factors are coprime and hence each factor has to be a perfect square.

I'm not sure how to proceed after that. I imagine after getting a more specific form for n you would have to use some brute force by plugging in certain values.

This is actually the second solution I have ever written so thanks for the compliment!

Shaun Leong - 5 years, 5 months ago

i got till x^2 - 48y^2 = 1 BUt after that how did you solve could you please explain????

Sathya NC - 5 years, 5 months ago

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If you do not understand the Pell's equation you got, you should factorize and then solveit manually.

Priyanshu Mishra - 5 years, 5 months ago

The first solution (7,1) is by observation then the rest can be found by recurrence relations. You can read more here: Pell's Equation

Shaun Leong - 5 years, 5 months ago

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