Balancing act 2

We have a pendulum made of a rigid, massless rod of length l l and a small ball of mass m m attached to the end of the rod. The period of small amplitude oscillations is T 0 = 2 π l g T_0= 2 \pi \sqrt{\frac lg} .

The pivot point (axis of rotation) of the pendulum is not fixed, but it is attached to a mechanism that shakes the pivot point in the vertical directions with amplitude a l a\ll l and period T T 0 T\ll T_0 . (For a = 0 a=0 we get back the traditional pendulum.)

We set up the rod such that it is in the vertical, unstable position with the ball right above the pivot point. When a = 0 , a=0, this position is unstable; for any small error in positioning the ball, the pendulum will turn over.

Is it possible that if we switch on the shaking a 0 , a\ne 0, the position becomes stable and the ball will remain over the pivot point indefinitely?

Yes, shaking the pivot point will help to stabilize the ball No, the shaking makes the ball even more unstable If the shaking is in the vertical direction, it does not make any difference

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2 solutions

Laszlo Mihaly
Aug 18, 2017

The device described in the problem is called Kapitza's pendulum, and it is a special example of a broader range of systems called "parametric oscillators". In the first description of the pendulum, in 1905, it was pointed out that the formerly unstable position becomes stable when the pivot point is shaken. The Russian physicist Pyotr Kapitza provided a detailed explanation in 1951. There is an excellent Wikipedia article that summarizes the solution, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kapitza%27s_pendulum .

Gabriel Chacón
Jan 24, 2019

I did not know of the existence of this pendulum until a read this problem. My oversimplifying first intuition worked to pick the right answer, but there's quite a bit of complexity behind its behavior! Take a look at this simulation I found.

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