Not the Roots of Unity

How many trailing zero(s) are there in the constant term of ( x + 1 x ) 2014 \left (x+\frac{1}{x} \right )^{2014} ?

Details and Assumptions :

  • The number of trailing zeroes in a number is the number of zeroes at the end of the number, e.g., 100 100 has 2 2 trailing zeroes, and 100000001 100000001 has none.


The answer is 1.

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7 solutions

The coefficient of the constant term is ( 2014 1007 ) = 2014 ! 1007 ! 2 \left( \begin{matrix} 2014 \\ 1007 \end{matrix} \right) = \dfrac {2014!} {1007!^2}

The number of trialing zeros of n ! n! is given by: z = i = 1 k n 5 i \displaystyle z = \sum _{i=1}^{k} \left \lfloor \dfrac {n}{5^i} \right \rfloor , where \lfloor \cdot \rfloor denotes the floor function .

z ( 2014 ) = 2014 5 + 2014 25 + 2014 125 + 2014 625 = 402 + 80 + 16 + 3 = 501 z ( 1007 ) = 1007 5 + 1007 25 + 1007 125 + 1007 625 = 201 + 40 + 8 + 1 = 250 \begin{aligned} \implies z(2014) & = \left \lfloor \frac {2014}{5} \right \rfloor + \left \lfloor \frac {2014}{25} \right \rfloor + \left \lfloor \frac {2014}{125} \right \rfloor + \left \lfloor \frac {2014}{625} \right \rfloor \\ & = 402 + 80 + 16 + 3 = 501 \\ \implies z(1007) & = \left \lfloor \dfrac {1007}{5} \right \rfloor +\left \lfloor \dfrac {1007}{25} \right \rfloor +\left \lfloor \dfrac {1007}{125} \right \rfloor + \left \lfloor \dfrac {1007}{625} \right \rfloor \\ & = 201+40+8+1=250 \end{aligned}

The trialing zeros of 2014 ! 1007 ! 2 \dfrac {2014!} {1007!^2} , z = z ( 2014 ) 2 z ( 1007 ) = 501 500 = 1 z = z(2014) - 2z (1007) = 501 - 500 = \boxed{1}

Note: You can use Kummer's Theorem , which is an extension of Lucas' Theorem, to determine what power of 2 and 5 divides a binomial coefficient. In this case, we can show that 5 divides it, but not 25.

Calvin Lin Staff - 6 years, 8 months ago

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wow. nice theorem. where i can get the collection of all useful theorem?

muhammad nur Alamsyah - 1 year, 11 months ago

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Check out the wiki pages in each of the topics. E.g. Algebra

Calvin Lin Staff - 1 year, 11 months ago
Adarsh Kumar
Oct 7, 2014

This is going to be a long ride,so sit back and enjoy. Let us start by expanding ( x + 1 x ) 2014 (x+\dfrac{1}{x})^{2014} .We will do this using the binomial theorem: ( x + 1 x ) 2014 = ( 2014 0 ) x 2014 ( 1 x ) 0 + ( 2014 1 ) x 2013 ( 1 x ) 1 . . . . ( 2014 2013 ) x 1 ( 1 x ) 2013 + ( 2014 2014 ) x 0 ( 1 x ) 2014 . (x+\dfrac{1}{x})^{2014}=\dbinom{2014}{0}*x^{2014}*(\dfrac{1}{x})^{0}+\dbinom{2014}{1}*x^{2013}*(\dfrac{1}{x})^{1}\\....\dbinom{2014}{2013}*x^{1}*(\dfrac{1}{x})^{2013}+\dbinom{2014}{2014}*x^{0}*(\dfrac{1}{x})^{2014}. Now,because we want a constant term there shouldn't be any x x in it.Now,because x x and 1 x \dfrac{1}{x} are reciprocals they will cancel each other but in the expansion above x x and 1 x \dfrac{1}{x} have the same power only once and that is 1007 1007 .The term is: ( 2014 1007 ) x 1007 ( 1 x ) 1007 = 2014 ! 1007 ! 1007 ! 1. \dbinom{2014}{1007}*x^{1007}*(\dfrac{1}{x})^{1007}=\dfrac{2014!}{1007!*1007!}*1. Now,find the number of trailing zeroes in the numerator and denominator and we are done.How to find the number of zeroes at the end of n ! : n!: [ n 5 ] + [ n 5 2 ] + . . . . . . [\dfrac{n}{5}]+[\dfrac{n}{5^{2}}]+...... Till 5 x < n . 5^{x}<n. Where[] is the greatest integer function.

Anna Anant
Dec 21, 2014

Constant term wil be 2014 C 1007, 1007 will be derived from laws of exponent, x^(2014-T)*x^(-T) = x^(0), where, 2014-T+(-T) = 0, 2T=2014, then T=2014/2 = 1007. Next, Trailing zero's: Count numbers within factorial divisible by 5, 25, 125, 625 and so on (base 5 divisors):

Consider 2014, divisor 5, max number near 2014 = 2010, so 2010/5= 402 + divisor 25, max number near 2014 = 2000, so 2000/25= 80 + divisor 125, max number near 2014 = 2000, so 2010/125= 16 + divisor 625, max number near 2014 = 1875, so 1875/625= 3 , divisor 3125 > 2014 , so stop. Total No. of trailing zero's = 402 + 80 + 16 + 3 = 501.

Consider 1007, divisor 5, max number near 1007= 1005, so 1005/5= 201+ divisor 25, max number near 1007= 1000, so 1000/25= 40+ divisor 125, max number near 1007= 1000, so 1000/125= 8+ divisor 625, max number near 1007 = 625, so 625/625= 1, divisor 3125 > 1007, so stop. Total No. of trailing zero's = 201+ 40+ 8+ 1 = 250.

Going Back to Constant= 2014C1007 = 2014! / [ (2014-1007)! 1007! ] =2014! / ( 1007! 1007! ) = 2014! / (1007! )^2

of trailing zeros, Numerator - Denominator = 501 - 250 * 2= 501-500 = 1

Applying de Polignac's formula helps.

Daniel Dratschuk
Dec 12, 2019

I did it like this: \newline The coefficient of the constant term is ( 2014 1007 ) = 2014 ! 1007 ! 2 = 2014 2013 . . . 1008 1007 ! \begin{aligned} {2014 \choose 1007} = \frac{2014!} {1007!^2} &= \frac{2014 \cdot 2013 \cdot ... \cdot 1008} {1007!} \end{aligned} \newline After that I looked at the numerator and denominator separately and calculated how many factors with trailing zeroes they have, since these are also the only reason for trailing zeroes in the result. For 2014 2013 . . . 1008 2014 \cdot 2013 \cdot ... \cdot 1008 we can examine the interval 1000 1000 to 2010 2010 and count how many 10 10 ths, 100 100 ths, etc. there are, which also represents the amount of multiplicands with one, two or three zeroes at the end. Doing that, we get 1010 10 = 101 10 \frac{1010}{10} = 101 \;10 ths, 1010 100 = 10 100 \frac{1010}{100} = 10 \;100 ths, and 1010 1000 = 1 1000 \frac{1010}{1000} = 1 \;1000 ths. Summing that up we get 121 121 zeroes. Analogously with the interval 1000 1000 to 2000 2000 we get 120 120 zeroes, meaning we get something like X 1 0 121 Y 1 0 120 \frac{X \cdot 10^{121}}{Y \cdot 10^{120}} leaving us with only one factor of 10 10 and thus one trailing zero. \newline But I am not really sure if I explained it well or if this is even a valid solution method.

Affan Morshed
Aug 12, 2018

The expression that you must find the number of trailing 0s is c=a/b where a is the product of all x: 1007<x<=2014 and b is the product of all x: 0<x<=1007, you than take the prime factorisation of a and b, and find the difference in the exponents for 5 in a and 5 in b, let us call that i, and than find the difference in the exponents for 2 in a and b, let us call that j. choose either i or j (just take the lower one). I technacly cheated by first trying out a few assumptions as I was too lazy to do the whole method first time, I assumed j to be higher than i so I could just use i.

We have to find {Trailing zeros in 2014! - Trailing zeros in (1007!)^2}

=Trailing Zeros in (1008.1009.....2014) - Trailing zeros in (1.2.3.......1007)

=Trailing Zeros in (8.9..........1014) - Trailing zeros in (1.2.3.......1007) =Trailing Zeros in (1008.1009...1014) =Trailing Zeros in 1010 =1

How you got from here ""=Trailing Zeros in (1008.1009.....2014) - Trailing zeros in (1.2.3.......1007)"" to here ""=Trailing Zeros in (8.9..........1014) - Trailing zeros in (1.2.3.......1007) ""??

Maunil Chopra - 2 years, 2 months ago

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