Bernoulli Numbers

Calculus Level 5

Find the value of

lim n [ ( 2 n ) ! B 2 n ] 1 2 n \large \displaystyle \lim _{ n\rightarrow \infty }{ \left[ \frac {(2n) ! }{ \left| B_{ 2n } \right| } \right] ^{ \frac { 1 }{ 2n } } }

where B n B_n is the n n th Bernoulli number .


The answer is 6.28318530718.

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1 solution

Refaat M. Sayed
Dec 5, 2016

We will use the approximate value of Bernoulli number and Stirling approximation to solve the problem.

  • Bernoulli approximate is B 2 n ( 1 ) n 1 4 π n ( n π e ) 2 n \text{B}_{2n}\approx \left( -1\right) ^{n-1}4\sqrt{\pi n} \left( \frac{n}{\pi e} \right) ^{2n}

  • Stirling approximation is n ! 2 n π ( n e ) n n! \approx \sqrt{2n\pi } \left( \frac{n}{e} \right) ^{n}

L = lim n [ ( 2 n ) ! B 2 n ] 1 2 n = lim n [ 2 n π ( 2 n e ) 2 n 4 n π ( n π e ) 2 n ] 1 2 n \ = lim n [ ( 2 π ) 2 n 2 ] 1 2 n = 2 π . lim n [ 1 2 ] 1 2 n = 2 π 6.283185 L=\lim \limits_{n\to \infty }\left[ \frac{\left( 2n\right) ! }{\left| \text{B}_{2n}\right| } \right] ^{\frac{1}{2n} }=\lim \limits_{n\to \infty }\left[ \frac{2\sqrt{n\pi } \left( \frac{2n}{e} \right) ^{2n}}{4\sqrt{n\pi } \left( \frac{n}{\pi e} \right) ^{2n}} \right] ^{\frac{1}{2n} } \\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\\ = \lim \limits_{n\to \infty }\left[ \frac{\left( 2\pi \right) ^{2n}}{2} \right] ^{\frac{1}{2n} }=2\pi. \lim \limits_{n\to \infty }\left[ \frac{1}{2} \right] ^{\frac{1}{2n} }=\boxed {2\pi \approx 6.283185}


Edit

Another solution using the relation between zeta function and Bernoulli numbers B 2 n = 2 ( 1 ) n 1 ( 2 n ) ! ( 2 π ) 2 n ζ ( 2 n ) \text{B}_{2n}=\frac{2\left( -1\right) ^{n-1}\left( 2n\right) ! }{\left( 2\pi \right) ^{2n }} \zeta \left( 2n\right) So the limit will be L=\underbrace{\lim \limits_{_{n\to +\infty }}\left[ \frac{\left( 2\pi \right) ^{2n}}{2} \right] } \limits_{L_{1}}\times \underbrace{\lim \limits_{n\to +\infty }\left[ \zeta \left( 2n\right) \right] ^{\frac{1}{2n} }} \limits_{L_{2}} From the first part we see that L 1 = 2 π L_{1}=2\pi . Now we will prove that L 2 = 1 L_{2}=1

The proof

[ ( 1 ) 1 2 n ( ζ ( 2 n ) ) 1 2 n [ 1 + 1 2 n 1 ] 1 2 n ] n = 1 \left[ \left( 1\right) ^{\frac{1}{2n} }\leq \left( \zeta \left( 2n\right) \right) ^{\frac{1}{2n} }\leq \left[ 1+\frac{1}{2n-1} \right] ^{\frac{1}{2n} }\right] _{n\to \infty }=1 Q.E.D \text{Q.E.D}

Hmm... I wanted this problem to be about deriving the growth rate of Bernoulli. Try to find a solution using Riemann zeta function

Julian Poon - 4 years, 6 months ago

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I added a solution using Riemann zeta function. You can check it now

Refaat M. Sayed - 4 years, 6 months ago

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Nice solution!

Julian Poon - 4 years, 6 months ago

Nice Refaat... (+1), but don't forget the absolute value of Bernouilli number,haha

Guillermo Templado - 4 years, 6 months ago

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I edited it thanks :)

Refaat M. Sayed - 4 years, 6 months ago

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haha,you make me to laugh.... could you edite the first solution from third line,please? I mean delete ( 1 ) n 1 (-1)^{n - 1} . The idea of your first proof is perfect, I did it like this, but if I were you I would delete ( 1 ) n 1 (-1)^{n - 1} after third line... and be careful in your second proof... What is L 1 L_1 ? Again, the same... and a suggestion: lim n ζ ( n ) = 1 \displaystyle \lim_{n \to \infty} \zeta(n) = 1 you only have to apply the defintion of Riemmann- zeta function

Guillermo Templado - 4 years, 6 months ago

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