0 ∫ π / 2 ( J 1 − 9 J 3 + 2 5 J 5 − 4 9 J 7 + … 4 J 2 − 1 6 J 4 + 3 6 J 6 − 6 4 J 8 + … ) 2 / 3 d x = ?
Details and Clarifications :
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We begin by utilizing the following real-valued variation of the Jacobi-Anger expansion:
cos ( z cos ( θ ) ) = J 0 ( z ) + 2 ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( − 1 ) n J 2 n ( z ) cos ( 2 n θ )
Taking the second partial derivative of both sides with respect to θ , and dividing by 2 on both sides, we get:
∂ θ 2 ∂ 2 ( cos ( z cos ( θ ) ) ) = 2 ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( − 1 ) n ( 2 n ) 2 J 2 n ( z ) ( − cos ( 2 n θ ) )
⇒ 2 z [ cos ( θ ) sin ( z cos ( θ ) ) − z sin 2 ( θ ) cos ( z cos ( θ ) ) ] = ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( − 1 ) n ( 2 n ) 2 J 2 n ( z ) ( − cos ( 2 n θ ) )
It should be apparent that the right hand side of the previous step generates the numerator of the expression in our original integral when θ = k π , where k ∈ Z . Plugging this in for θ , we get:
− ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( − 1 ) n ( 2 n ) 2 J 2 n ( z ) = 2 z sin ( z )
Similarly, for the denominator, we utilize the following real-valued variation of the Jacobi-Anger expansion:
sin ( z cos ( θ ) ) = − 2 ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( − 1 ) n J 2 n − 1 ( z ) cos [ ( 2 n − 1 ) θ ) ]
Taking the second partial derivative with respect to θ , and dividing by 2 on both sides, we get: ∂ θ 2 ∂ 2 ( sin ( z cos ( θ ) ) = − 2 ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( − 1 ) n ( 2 n − 1 ) 2 J 2 n − 1 ( z ) ( − cos [ ( 2 n − 1 ) θ ) ] ) ⇒ 2 − z [ cos ( θ ) cos ( z cos ( θ ) ) + z sin 2 ( θ ) sin ( z cos ( θ ) ) ] = − ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( − 1 ) n ( 2 n − 1 ) 2 J 2 n − 1 ( z ) ( − cos [ ( 2 n − 1 ) θ ) ] ) The expression on the right hand side of the previous step, is equal to the denominator of the expression in our original integral when θ = k π , where k ∈ Z . Plugging this in for θ , we get:
2 z cos ( z ) = − ∑ n = 1 ∞ ( − 1 ) n ( 2 n − 1 ) 2 J 2 n − 1 ( z )
Our integral has now become the following :
∫ 0 2 π 2 z cos ( z ) 2 z sin ( z ) 2 / 3 d z = ∫ 0 2 π tan ( z ) 2 / 3 d z Evaluating this integral, we finally arrive at our answer: ∫ 0 2 π tan ( z ) 2 / 3 d z ≈ 3 . 1 4 1 5 8