Big bases

A huge 100 digit number N is written out in every base from 2 to 10,000. What can we say about the digit sum of N as the base increases? (We are looking for a general trend, there may be specific counter examples.)

For example, if N=22, in base 10, the digit sum is 2+2=4. In base 2, however, it is 10110, so the digit sum is 1+0+1+1+0=3.

No signifigant change Generally increasing Generally decreasing

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2 solutions

Alex Li
Oct 19, 2018

Base 2: the length of the number is about l o g 2 ( 1 0 100 ) log_2(10^{100}) , and each digit averages at (0+1)/2. So the digit sum should be near l o g 2 ( 1 0 1 00 ) / 2 = 100 l o g 2 ( 10 ) / 2. log_2(10^100)/2=100log_2(10)/2.

Base 3: The length of the number is l o g 3 ( 1 0 1 00 ) ~log_3(10^100) , and each digit averages at ( 0 + 1 + 2 ) / 3 = 1 (0+1+2)/3= 1 . So the digit sum should be near 100 l o g 3 ( 10 ) . 100log_3(10).

Base N: The length of the number is l o g N ( 1 0 1 00 ) ~log_N(10^100) , and each digit averages at N ( N 1 ) / ( 2 N ) = ( N 1 ) / 2 N(N-1)/(2N)= (N-1)/2 . So the digit sum should be near 100 ( N 1 ) l o g N ( 10 ) / 2 = ( 50 l n ( 10 ) ) ( N 1 ) / l n ( N ) 100(N-1)log_N(10)/2=(50ln(10))(N-1)/ln(N) .

Since N-1 grows faster than l n ( N ) ln(N) , the digit sum is generally increasing.

Graph of digit sum of 10^100: http://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=digit+sum+of+googol+in+base+2&lk=2

Michael Mendrin
Oct 19, 2018

Let's say the 100 digit number is 10^100, which in binary form has about 300 digits. Hence, the maximum sum of digits is a about 300, or a number about 3 digits long. However, that same 100 digit number in some 100 digit base, then any one digit of it is a number that could be about 100 digits long. The same observation can be made with numbers less than 100 digits.

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