Earth has been at war with the Andromedons for the past millennia. Earth finally managed to gain the upper hand, which forced the Andromedons to use their ultimate secret weapon. The Andromedons have turned the matter in the Sun into a super-dense material, such that the Sun is now a black hole with Schwarzschild radius equal to the Sun's original solar radius.
Luckily, a thousand year long space war lead to a lot of advancements in mankind's weaponry, and they've developed 100% energy efficient 1 exatonne antimatter bombs. With the help of a giant 100% energy efficient solar sail attached to the Earth, humankind can use these bombs to altar the trajectory of the Earth.
How many of these bombs need to be detonated to eject the Earth from the solar system to safety?
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By definition, the Schwarzschild radius is:
R s = c 2 2 G M
Isolating M , which is sun's new mass
M = 2 G R s ⋅ c 2
Calculating the Escape velocity for sun's new mass we have:
v e = R 2 G M
By substituting M :
v e = c ⋅ R R s
Where c is the Speed of Light in vacuum , R s is sun's radius (now its Schwarzschild radius) and R is Earth's distance to the sun.
By substituting their known values ( R s = 6 . 9 7 5 ⋅ 1 0 8 m, R = 1 . 5 ⋅ 1 0 1 1 m and c = 2 9 9 7 9 2 4 5 8 m/s )
v e ≈ 2 0 3 9 5 7 5 4 . 9 4 m/s
Which leads to a kinetic energy of:
E e = 2 M E a r t h v e 2
E e ≈ 1 . 2 5 ⋅ 1 0 3 9 J
Each antimatter bomb will have an energy of:
E b = m b c 2 ( m b = 1 0 2 1 kg)
E b = 8 . 9 9 ⋅ 1 0 3 7 J
So, it will be needed:
E b E e ≈ 1 3 . 8 8 → 1 4 b o m b s
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The mass of the sun after its density is increased to that of a black hole with Schwarzschild radius the same as the solar radius is given by R S = c 2 2 M G , M = 2 G R S c 2 . where R s is the solar radius.
Then the Newtonian energy needed is dominated entirely by gravitational potential of R A G M m , where R A is the distance between the sun and the Earth, and m is mass of the Earth. So substituting in M found earlier, E= 2 1 R A u R S m c 2 .
Check that E < < m c 2 to ensure relativistic physics does not have to be took into account. As R A u R S is very small, E < < m c 2
Then converting this energy to mass via E = M c 2 , just divide by c 2 , to get a mass of 2 1 R A u R S m , which comes out as 1 3 . 8 ∗ 1 0 2 1 , or 13.8 exatonnes =14 exatonnes to the nearest whole number.