Can We Treat It As An Integral?

Calculus Level 4

Find the number of positive integers m m less than 100 such that 1 ( ln 2 ) m + 1 ( ln 3 ) m + 1 ( ln 4 ) m + 1 ( ln 5 ) m + \dfrac1{(\ln 2)^m} + \dfrac1{(\ln 3)^m} + \dfrac1{(\ln 4)^m} + \dfrac1{(\ln 5)^m} + \cdots converges.

1 8 4 2 0

This section requires Javascript.
You are seeing this because something didn't load right. We suggest you, (a) try refreshing the page, (b) enabling javascript if it is disabled on your browser and, finally, (c) loading the non-javascript version of this page . We're sorry about the hassle.

1 solution

Patrick Chatain
Jul 4, 2016

First note that as lim x x m e x = 0 \lim_{x\to\infty}\frac{x^m}{e^x}=0 we have that e x e^x grows faster than x m x^m and thus for every m m we can find an integer y y such that e x > x m e^x>x^m whenever x y x\geq y .

Now let z = y m z=y^m

Now for every a z a\geq z we have that a = b m a=b^m for b y b\geq y

Then we have that b^m<e^b \implies a<e^\sqrt[m]{a} \implies ln(a)<\sqrt[m]{a} \implies ln(a)^m<a \implies \frac{1}{ln(a)^m}>\frac{1}{a} whenever a z a\geq z

Thus n = z 1 l n ( n ) m > n = z 1 n \sum_{n=z}^{\infty}\frac{1}{ln(n)^m}>\sum_{n=z}^{\infty}\frac{1}{n}

As the latter one diverges (harmonic series) we have that by comparison n = z 1 l n ( n ) m \sum_{n=z}^{\infty}\frac{1}{ln(n)^m} also diverges and thus n = 2 1 l n ( n ) m \sum_{n=2}^{\infty}\frac{1}{ln(n)^m} also diverges

So the series does not converge for any m m

Another possible solution is if we let f ( x ) = 1 ( ln ( x ) ) m f(x)=\frac { 1 }{ (\ln { (x) } )^{ m } } the sum becomes x = 2 f ( x ) \sum _{ x=2 }^{ \infty }{ f(x) } . Because f ( x ) f(x) is positive, continuous, and decreasing on [ 2 , ) [2,\infty ) for positive integers m m , we can say that an approximation of the area under the curve f ( x ) f(x) on [ 2 , ) [2,\infty) which looks at sub-intervals of length 1 1 and approximates the average value of f ( x ) f(x) on that sub-interval by the left-most value of f f on it must be greater than the actual area under the curve. That is, ( 1 ) f ( 2 ) + ( 1 ) f ( 3 ) + ( 1 ) f ( 4 ) + . . . = x = 2 f ( x ) > 2 f ( x ) d x (1)f(2)+(1)f(3)+(1)f(4)+...=\sum _{ x=2 }^{ \infty }{ f(x) } >\int _{ 2 }^{ \infty }{ f(x)dx } . If we let u = ln ( x ) u=\ln { (x) } so that the lower bound becomes u = ln ( 2 ) u=\ln { (2) } and the upper bound remains { \infty } , and so that d u d x = 1 x x d u = d x e u d u = d x \frac { du }{ dx } =\frac { 1 }{ x } \rightarrow xdu=dx\rightarrow e^{ u }du=dx , this shows that 2 f ( x ) d x = 2 1 ( ln ( x ) ) m d x = ln ( 2 ) e u u m d u \int _{ 2 }^{ \infty }{ f(x)dx } =\int _{ 2 }^{ \infty }{ \frac { 1 }{ (\ln { (x) } )^{ m } } dx } =\int _{ \ln { (2) } }^{ \infty }{ \frac { e^{ u } }{ u^{ m } } du } . Regardless of the value of m m , lim u e u u m = \lim _{ u\rightarrow \infty }{ \frac { e^{ u } }{ u^{ m } } } =\infty , so that this integral and the original sum itself must diverge regardless of the value of m m

Chris Callahan - 4 years, 11 months ago

Log in to reply

Nice alternate method.

Harsh Shrivastava - 4 years, 11 months ago

0 pending reports

×

Problem Loading...

Note Loading...

Set Loading...