A certain type of sugar-coated chocolate candies (let's call it N&N) is produced in 7 different colors.
If you have a bag with 9 of these candies, what are the approximate odds that you have at least one of each color?
Assumptions : All colors have the same odds, and the colors of the candies are independent of each other.
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There are 7 9 possible sequences of candies ( c 1 , … , c 7 ) we can draw.
One type "success" sequence has one color three times; there are 7 choices for that special color. For the remaining six colors, there are 9 places in the sequence for the first color, then 8 places left for the second color, etc. All in all, this makes for N 1 = 7 × 9 × 8 × 7 × 6 × 5 × 4 sequences of this type.
The other type of "success" sequence has two colors two times each; they can appear in the orders AABB, ABAB, and ABBA, giving a total of 7 × 6 × 3 orderings. For the remaining five colors, there are 9 places in the sequence for the first color, then 8 places left for the second color, etc. All in all, this makes for N 2 = 7 × 6 × 3 × 9 × 8 × 7 × 6 × 5 sequences of this type.
In total, the number of "success" sequences is N 1 + N 2 = 7 × 9 × 8 × 7 × 6 × 5 × ( 4 + 6 × 3 ) , and the odds therefore are 7 9 N 1 + N 2 = 7 7 9 × 8 × 6 × 5 × 2 2 ≈ 0 . 0 5 7 7 . Thus the answer is slightly more than 5 % .