Combinatorics Fever

Consider a game played by 10 10 people in which each flips a fair coin at the same time. If all but one of the coin comes up at the same, then odd person wins (e.g. if there are nine tails and one head then head wins). If such a situation does not occur, the player flips again.

If the probability that game is settled on or after 8 th 8^{\text{th}} toss can be written as [ a b c d ] e \left[ a - \frac{b}{c^{d}} \right ]^{e} where c c is least positive integer, gcd ( b , c ) = 1 \gcd(b,c)=1 then find the value of

a + b + c + d + e a + b + c + d + e .


The answer is 23.

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1 solution

Ariel Gershon
Jan 15, 2015

In each game there is a 20 2 10 \dfrac{20}{2^{10}} chance that exactly one "odd" flip will come up. Why? The denominator is 2 10 2^{10} because there are 2 2 choices for each coin (heads or tails) and 10 10 independent flips. The numerator is 20 20 because there are 10 10 different people who could win, and 2 choices for what the odd flip is (heads or tails).

Now in order for the game to be settled on the 8 t h 8^{th} flip or higher, that means the first 7 games do not have exactly one odd flip. The probability of this can be written as: ( 1 20 2 10 ) 7 = ( 1 5 2 8 ) 7 \left(1 - \dfrac{20}{2^{10}}\right)^7 = \left(1 - \dfrac{5}{2^{8}}\right)^7 Therefore, we have a + b + c + d + e = 23 a+b+c+d+e = \boxed{23} .

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