Consider a game played by people in which each flips a fair coin at the same time. If all but one of the coin comes up at the same, then odd person wins (e.g. if there are nine tails and one head then head wins). If such a situation does not occur, the player flips again.
If the probability that game is settled on or after toss can be written as where is least positive integer, then find the value of
.
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In each game there is a 2 1 0 2 0 chance that exactly one "odd" flip will come up. Why? The denominator is 2 1 0 because there are 2 choices for each coin (heads or tails) and 1 0 independent flips. The numerator is 2 0 because there are 1 0 different people who could win, and 2 choices for what the odd flip is (heads or tails).
Now in order for the game to be settled on the 8 t h flip or higher, that means the first 7 games do not have exactly one odd flip. The probability of this can be written as: ( 1 − 2 1 0 2 0 ) 7 = ( 1 − 2 8 5 ) 7 Therefore, we have a + b + c + d + e = 2 3 .