x 2 0 1 8 + x 2 0 1 7 + x 2 0 1 6 + . . . + x 2 + x + 1 = 0 There are 2018 distinct roots of the equation, a 1 , a 2 , a 3 , ..., a 2 0 1 7 , and a 2 0 1 8 . Find k = 1 ∑ 2 0 1 8 a k + 1 a k 2 .
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this is a standard problem. if f is a polynomial in x. if F(x)=0 has roots sayx1,x2,.....xn. then f(x-1)=0 has roots 1+x1,1+x2,.......,1+xn, and x^n*f((1/x)-1)=0 has roots 1/(1+x1), 1/(1+x2)......... but there is a high chance of making mistake while calculating.
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If a 1 , a 2 , . . . , a 2 n are the roots of the polynomial f n ( X ) = X 2 n + X 2 n − 1 + ⋯ + X + 1 then 1 + a 1 , 1 + a 2 , . . . , 1 + a 2 n are the roots of the polynomial g n ( X ) = f n ( X − 1 ) = ( X − 1 ) 2 n + ( X − 1 ) 2 n − 1 + ⋯ + ( X − 1 ) + 1 The last two terms of this polynomial are ⋯ − { 2 n − ( 2 n − 1 ) + ( 2 n − 2 ) − ( 2 n − 3 ) + ⋯ + 2 − 1 } X + f n ( − 1 ) = ⋯ − n X + 1 and hence we deduce that h n ( X ) = X 2 n g n ( X − 1 ) has leading terms h n ( X ) = X 2 n − n X 2 n − 1 + ⋯ But h n ( X ) is the monic polynomial with zeros a 1 + 1 1 , a 2 + 1 1 , . . . , a 2 n + 1 1 , and so j = 1 ∑ 2 n a j + 1 1 = n Thus j = 1 ∑ 2 n a j + 1 a j 2 = j = 1 ∑ n ( a j − 1 + a j + 1 1 ) = j = 1 ∑ 2 n a j − 2 n + j = 1 ∑ 2 n a j + 1 1 = − 1 − 2 n + n = − n − 1 making the answer in this case − 1 0 0 9 − 1 = − 1 0 1 0 .