Complexity! (3)

Algebra Level 3

If z z is a complex number of unit modulus whose argument is θ \theta , find arg ( 1 + z 1 + z ˉ ) \arg \left( \dfrac{1+z}{1+\bar{z}} \right) .

Notations:

  • z ˉ \bar{z} denotes the conjugate of z z .
  • arg ( ) \arg (\cdot) denotes the argument of a complex number.

For more problems on complex numbers, click here .

θ -\theta θ \theta π 2 θ \dfrac{\pi}{2} -\theta π θ \pi -\theta

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6 solutions

Chew-Seong Cheong
Sep 23, 2016

It is given that z = z e i θ = e i θ z = |z|e^{i\theta} = e^{i\theta} z ˉ = e i θ \implies \bar z = e^{-i\theta} . Then we have:

1 + z 1 + z ˉ = 1 + e i θ 1 + e i θ By Euler’s formula, = 1 + cos θ + i sin θ 1 + cos θ i sin θ Let t = tan θ 2 , cos θ = 1 t 2 1 + t 2 , sin θ = 2 t 1 + t 2 = 1 + 1 t 2 1 + t 2 + i 2 t 1 + t 2 1 + 1 t 2 1 + t 2 i 2 t 1 + t 2 = 2 + i 2 t 2 i 2 t = 1 + i t 1 i t = 1 + i t 1 i t 1 + i t 1 + i t = 1 t 2 + i 2 t 1 + t 2 = cos θ + i sin θ = e i θ = z \begin{aligned} \frac {1+z}{1+\bar z} & = \frac {1+\color{#3D99F6}{e^{i\theta}}}{1+\color{#3D99F6}{e^{-i\theta}}} & \small \color{#3D99F6}{\text{By Euler's formula,}} \\ & = \frac {1+\color{#3D99F6}{\cos \theta +i \sin \theta}}{1+\color{#3D99F6}{\cos \theta -i \sin \theta}} & \small \color{#3D99F6}{\text{Let }t=\tan \frac \theta 2, \ \cos \theta = \frac {1-t^2}{1+t^2}, \ \sin \theta = \frac {2t}{1+t^2}} \\ & = \frac {1+\color{#3D99F6}{\frac {1-t^2}{1+t^2} +i \frac {2t}{1+t^2}}}{1+\color{#3D99F6}{\frac {1-t^2}{1+t^2} -i \frac {2t}{1+t^2}}} \\ & = \frac {2+i2t}{2-i2t} \\ & = \frac {1+it}{1-it} \\ & = \frac {1+it}{1-it} \cdot \frac {1+it}{1+it} \\ & = \frac {1-t^2+i2t}{1+t^2} \\ & = \cos \theta + i \sin \theta \\ & = e^{i \theta} = z \end{aligned}

Therefore, we have:

arg ( 1 + z 1 + z ˉ ) = arg ( z ) = θ \begin{aligned} \arg \left(\frac {1+z}{1+\bar z}\right) & = \arg (z) = \boxed{\theta} \end{aligned}

Ankush Gogoi
Sep 23, 2016

Deepak Sah
Mar 22, 2017

Md Zuhair
Dec 26, 2017

I see no solution has a geometrical approach.. Will upload a geometrical Approach which is easier than the algebric one

Anthony Holm
Sep 22, 2016

Check z=1, θ=0. For this case (1+1)/(1+1)=1 and thus the argument is 0. However, that could mean the answer is θ or -θ. Check z=i, θ=π/2. In this case the argument of the argument function simplifies to simply i, which means the function has a value of π/2. This rules out the -θ case, meaning the answer must be θ.

The quantity asked in question is angle subtended by z and its conjugate at -1 which is clearly half of the angle subtended at the the origin ( which is 2 times theta).Hence the answer is theta.For verification we can check for z=i

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