If are two discontinuous functions, is their composition necessarily also discontinuous?
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A simple counterexample shows that f ∘ g is not necessarily discontinuous.
Let f = 1 Q = g , where 1 Q is the indicator function for the rational numbers , defined by: 1 Q ( x ) = { 1 , 0 , x ∈ Q x ∈ Q It is well-known that 1 Q ( x ) is discontinuous at all x , but ( 1 Q ∘ 1 Q ) ( x ) is clearly the function that outputs 1 for all x , and thus the composition is continuous.