∫ 0 2 π arccot sin x 1 + sin x d x = B ζ ( A ) .
Find the sum of integers A + B .
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The integral ∫ 0 1 tan − 1 2 1 − u 2 1 + u 2 d u can also be evaluated by setting f ( x ) = ∫ 0 1 tan − 1 ( x 1 − u 2 ) 1 + u 2 d u and then differentiating under the integral.
Sir ,why this particular substitution . Is it a trick to solve such problems ?
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It's quite a neat one, since we have d θ d u = − 1 + sin θ 1 an expression with no square roots and no cosines, so d θ = − 1 + u 2 1 d u
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The substitution u = 1 + sin x 1 − sin x makes ∫ 0 2 1 π tan − 1 1 + sin x sin x d x = 2 ∫ 0 1 tan − 1 2 1 − u 2 1 + u 2 d u and this second integral is evaluated here , so that ∫ 0 2 1 π tan − 1 1 + sin x sin x d x = 2 × 2 4 π 2 = 1 2 π 2 = 2 1 ζ ( 2 ) making the answer 2 + 2 = 4 .