Connecting series and integrals

Calculus Level 5

0 π 2 arccot 1 + sin x sin x d x = ζ ( A ) B . \int_0^{\frac\pi2} \text{arccot} \sqrt{ \dfrac{1+\sin x}{\sin x} } \, dx = \dfrac{\zeta (A)}B .

Find the sum of integers A + B A+B .


The answer is 4.

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1 solution

Mark Hennings
Feb 2, 2017

The substitution u = 1 sin x 1 + sin x u \; = \; \sqrt{\frac{1-\sin x}{1+\sin x}} makes 0 1 2 π tan 1 sin x 1 + sin x d x = 2 0 1 tan 1 1 u 2 2 d u 1 + u 2 \int_0^{\frac12\pi} \tan^{-1}\sqrt{\frac{\sin x}{1+\sin x}}\,dx \; = \; 2 \int_0^1 \tan^{-1}\sqrt{\tfrac{1-u^2}{2}}\,\frac{du}{1+u^2} and this second integral is evaluated here , so that 0 1 2 π tan 1 sin x 1 + sin x d x = 2 × π 2 24 = π 2 12 = 1 2 ζ ( 2 ) \int_0^{\frac12\pi} \tan^{-1}\sqrt{\frac{\sin x}{1+\sin x}}\,dx \; = \; 2 \times \frac{\pi^2}{24} \; = \; \frac{\pi^2}{12} \; = \; \tfrac12\zeta(2) making the answer 2 + 2 = 4 2+2=\boxed{4} .

The integral 0 1 tan 1 1 u 2 2 d u 1 + u 2 \int_0^1 \tan^{-1}\sqrt{\dfrac{1-u^2}{2}}\,\frac{du}{1+u^2} can also be evaluated by setting f ( x ) = 0 1 tan 1 ( x 1 u 2 ) d u 1 + u 2 f(x) = \int_0^1 \tan^{-1} \left(x \sqrt{1-u^2} \right) \,\frac{du}{1+u^2} and then differentiating under the integral.

Ishan Singh - 4 years, 4 months ago

Sir ,why this particular substitution . Is it a trick to solve such problems ?

avi solanki - 4 years, 4 months ago

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It's quite a neat one, since we have d u d θ = 1 1 + sin θ \frac{du}{d\theta} \; = \; - \frac{1}{1 + \sin\theta} an expression with no square roots and no cosines, so d θ = 1 1 + u 2 d u d\theta \; = \; -\frac{1}{1+u^2}\,du

Mark Hennings - 4 years, 4 months ago

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oh yess .thank u .

avi solanki - 4 years, 4 months ago

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