Cool primes!

A prime p p is called cool if there exists no integer x x such that x 7 3 x^7-3 is a multiple of p p .

Find the number of cool primes p p which can be expressed as 7 k + 3 7k+3 for some non-negative integer k k .


The answer is 0.

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1 solution

Michael Tang
Jan 5, 2015

Claim: If a 7 b 7 ( m o d p ) a^7 \equiv b^7 \pmod{p} , then a b ( m o d p ) a \equiv b \pmod{p} .

First, if b 0 ( m o d p ) , b \equiv 0 \pmod p, then a 0 ( m o d p ) , a \equiv 0 \pmod p, which works. Then if b ≢ 0 , b \not\equiv 0, we can write ( a b 1 ) 7 1 ( m o d p ) . (ab^{-1})^7 \equiv 1 \pmod p. Then, the order of a b 1 ab^{-1} mod p p is either 7 7 or 1 , 1, since the order must divide 7. 7. But the order can't be 7 , 7, since ϕ ( p ) = 7 k + 2 \phi(p) = 7k+2 must be a multiple of the order, so it must be 1 , 1, implying that a b ( m o d p ) , a \equiv b \pmod p, as desired.


Now, consider the set { 0 7 , 1 7 , 2 7 , , ( p 1 ) 7 } \{0^7, 1^7, 2^7, \cdots , (p-1)^7 \} . Our claim shows that each of these numbers leave a distinct remainder modulo p p . Thus, modulo p p , this set is equivalent to { 0 , 1 , 2 , 3 , , p 1 } \{0, 1, 2, 3, \cdots , p-1 \} . We see that each of these numbers appear exactly once, i.e for all k k , there exists a x x such that x 7 k x^7-k is a multiple of p p . Further, note that the minimum possible value of p p is 3 3 , which isn't cool as 3 7 3 0 ( m o d 3 ) 3^7-3 \equiv 0 \pmod{3} . Our previous logic shows that no larger primes are cool. In conclusion, there exist no cool primes of the form 7 k + 3 7k+3 .

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