2 ⋅ 4 1 + 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 6 1 ⋅ 3 + 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 8 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 + 2 ⋅ 4 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 8 ⋅ 1 0 1 ⋅ 3 ⋅ 5 ⋅ 7 + … = ?
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Note that 2 × 4 1 = 2 2 × 4 2 × 3 1 × 2 × 3 × 4 = ( 2 2 × 2 ! ) 2 × 3 4 ! = ( 2 ! ) 2 × 4 2 × 3 4 ! = 4 2 × 3 ( 2 4 ) So we have 3 × 4 2 ( 2 4 ) + 5 × 4 3 ( 3 6 ) + 7 × 4 4 ( 4 8 ) + ⋯ But in fact 3 ( 2 4 ) = 2 C 1 where C 1 is the first Catalan Number. The pattern continues so using a generating function for the Catalan numbers, we can enumerate the value of the series. So S = 2 ( C 1 x 2 + C 2 x 3 + ⋯ ) = 2 x ( C 1 x + C 2 x 2 + ⋯ ) = 2 x ( 2 x 1 − 1 − 4 x − 1 ) evaluated at x = 4 1 .
This gives S = 2 ( 4 1 ) ( 2 − 1 ) = 2 1 as required.
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By the binomial series, 1 − x = k = 0 ∑ ∞ ( k 1 / 2 ) ( − x ) k = 1 − 2 1 x − k = 2 ∑ ∞ 2 k k ! ( 2 k − 3 ) ! ! x k evaluated at x = 1 , we have ∑ k = 2 ∞ 2 k k ! ( 2 k − 3 ) ! ! = 1 − 2 1 = 2 1