Ant-Brilly, standing on vertex A of a horizontal square A B C D of side length 1 m , is looking forward to meeting his friend at point C . Between them is a vertical obstacle in the shape of an isosceles triangle with diagonal B D as its base and a height of x m . Ant-Brilly calculates and notes that the shortest path from A to C is 1 9 2 c m long.
Find x . If x = b c a , where a , b , and c are prime numbers, submit a + b + c as your answer.
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Opening up the four triangles results in the figure above, and one can see immediately that
A C = 1 . 9 2 = 2 ( 1 ) sin ( 4 5 ∘ + θ )
Hence,
sin ( 4 5 ∘ + θ ) = 0 . 9 6
From which, cos ( 4 5 ∘ + θ ) = 1 − ( 0 . 9 6 ) 2 = 0 . 2 8
Therefore, tan ( 4 5 ∘ + θ ) = 7 2 4
And it follows that tan θ = 1 + 7 2 4 7 2 4 − 1 = 3 1 1 7
The height x = 2 2 tan θ = 3 1 2 1 7
Hence, the answer is 1 7 + 3 1 + 2 = 5 0
@Hosam Hajjir @Chew-Seong Cheong Thanks for your solutions, they are nice and simple! One note: In your figure, you have taken for granted that θ < 4 5 ∘ . Of course, it is true. In my solution I have added some simple explanation about why this is so.
Label the diagram as follows, and let p = M N and q = B O :
As half the diagonal of square A B C D with unit sides, A M = M B = 2 2 , and by the Pythagorean Theorem on △ A M N , A N = p 2 + 2 1 .
Also by the Pythagorean Theorem on △ M B P , P B = x 2 + 2 1 .
To minimize the path, ∠ N O B = 9 0 ° , so △ M B P ∼ △ O B N by AA similarity, so N B N O = P B M P , or 2 2 − p N O = x 2 + 2 1 x , so that N O = x 2 + 2 1 ( 2 2 − p ) x .
By symmetry, Brilli Ant's path is L = 2 ( A N + N O ) = 2 ( p 2 + 2 1 + x 2 + 2 1 ( 2 2 − p ) x ) . Since the function of L is concave up, the minimum occurs when d p d L = p 2 + 2 1 2 p − x 2 + 2 1 2 x = 0 , which is when p = x and when L = 2 ( x 2 + 2 1 + x 2 + 2 1 ( 2 2 − p ) x ) = 2 x 2 + 1 2 x + 2 .
If the shortest path is 1 9 2 cm , then 2 x 2 + 1 2 x + 2 = 1 . 9 2 , which solves to x = 3 1 2 1 7 for x < 2 2 . Therefore, a = 1 7 , b = 3 1 , c = 2 , and a + b + c = 5 0 .
Nice approach David, thanks for posting it. It is worth noting that the restriction x < 2 2 you set in your equation is correct, because if the obstacle was taller than 2 2 , then the shortest path would be A → B → C , but this is 2 meters long.
E
F
of the isosceles triangle
△
E
B
D
lies on the diagonal
A
C
.
A
F
=
F
C
=
2
2
and in the case
x
>
2
2
(figure 1), the shortest path from
A
to
C
would be
A
→
B
→
C
, but this is 2 meters long. Hence,
x
≤
2
2
as in figure 2. Consequently, on his way from
A
to
C
, ant-Brilly has to reach some point either of side
E
B
, or side
E
D
. Due to symmetry, we can search for the closest point from
A
to
E
B
. This, obviously, is the foot of the perpendicular from
A
to
E
B
. Let’s call it
K
and denote its length in meters by
d
.
Since the shortest path from
A
to
C
is
1
9
2
c
m
we have
d
=
0
.
9
6
.
Then, for the acute angle
∠
B
A
K
=
θ
, in
△
A
B
K
we have
cos
θ
=
A
B
A
K
=
1
d
=
0
.
9
6
(
1
)
Moreover, in △ A E K , cos ( ∠ E A K ) = A E A K ⇒ cos ( 4 π − θ ) = 2 2 + x d ⇒ ( 2 2 + x ) ( cos θ ⋅ cos 4 π + sin θ ⋅ sin 4 π ) = d ⇒ ( 2 2 + x ) 2 2 ( cos θ + sin θ ) = d ⇒ ( 1 ) ( 2 1 + 2 x ) ( d + 1 − d 2 ) = d ⇒ ( 2 1 + 2 x ) ( 0 . 9 6 + 1 − ( 0 . 9 6 ) 2 ) = 0 . 9 6
which solves to x = 3 1 2 1 7 Thus, a = 1 7 , b = 3 1 , c = 2 and the answer is a + b + c = 5 0 .
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Cut the horizontal square and the triangular obstacle into half along diagonal A C . Split open the right triangle into two along its base and flatten it. Then we get the a two-dimensional kite as shown that converts three-dimensional paths into two-dimensional lines.
Then the shortest path is a straight line joining A and C and A C = 1 . 9 2 m . Let the altitude x = E F and ∠ E B F = θ . Then we note that
sin ( θ + 4 5 ∘ ) ⟹ tan ( θ + 4 5 ∘ ) 1 − tan θ 1 + tan θ ⟹ tan θ = 0 . 9 6 = 2 5 2 4 = 2 5 2 − 2 4 2 2 4 = 7 2 4 = 7 2 4 = 3 1 1 7
Note that x = B F ⋅ tan θ = 3 1 2 1 7 . Therefore, a + b + c = 1 7 + 3 1 + 2 = 5 0 .