Crossing the obstacle

Geometry Level 5

Ant-Brilly, standing on vertex A A of a horizontal square A B C D ABCD of side length 1 m 1 \ \rm m , is looking forward to meeting his friend at point C C . Between them is a vertical obstacle in the shape of an isosceles triangle with diagonal B D BD as its base and a height of x m x\ \rm m . Ant-Brilly calculates and notes that the shortest path from A A to C C is 192 c m 192\ \rm cm long.

Find x x . If x = a b c x=\dfrac a{b\sqrt c} , where a a , b b , and c c are prime numbers, submit a + b + c a+b+c as your answer.


The answer is 50.

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4 solutions

Cut the horizontal square and the triangular obstacle into half along diagonal A C AC . Split open the right triangle into two along its base and flatten it. Then we get the a two-dimensional kite as shown that converts three-dimensional paths into two-dimensional lines.

Then the shortest path is a straight line joining A A and C C and A C = 1.92 m AC=1.92 \ \rm m . Let the altitude x = E F x=EF and E B F = θ \angle EBF = \theta . Then we note that

sin ( θ + 4 5 ) = 0.96 = 24 25 tan ( θ + 4 5 ) = 24 2 5 2 2 4 2 = 24 7 1 + tan θ 1 tan θ = 24 7 tan θ = 17 31 \begin{aligned} \sin (\theta + 45^\circ) & = 0.96 = \frac {24}{25} \\ \implies \tan (\theta + 45^\circ) & = \frac {24}{\sqrt{25^2-24^2}} = \frac {24}7 \\ \frac {1+\tan \theta}{1-\tan \theta} & = \frac {24}7 \\ \implies \tan \theta & = \frac {17}{31} \end{aligned}

Note that x = B F tan θ = 17 31 2 x = BF \cdot \tan \theta = \dfrac {17}{31\sqrt 2} . Therefore, a + b + c = 17 + 31 + 2 = 50 a+b+c = 17+31+2 = \boxed{50} .

Hosam Hajjir
Oct 7, 2020

Opening up the four triangles results in the figure above, and one can see immediately that

A C = 1.92 = 2 ( 1 ) sin ( 4 5 + θ ) \overline{AC} = 1.92 = 2 (1) \sin (45^{\circ} + \theta )

Hence,

sin ( 4 5 + θ ) = 0.96 \sin( 45^{\circ} + \theta ) = 0.96

From which, cos ( 4 5 + θ ) = 1 ( 0.96 ) 2 = 0.28 \cos( 45^{\circ} + \theta ) = \sqrt{1 - (0.96)^2 } = 0.28

Therefore, tan ( 4 5 + θ ) = 24 7 \tan( 45^{\circ} + \theta ) = \dfrac{24}{7}

And it follows that tan θ = 24 7 1 1 + 24 7 = 17 31 \tan \theta = \dfrac{ \frac{24}{7} - 1 }{1 + \frac{24}{7} } = \dfrac{17}{31}

The height x = 2 2 tan θ = 17 31 2 x = \dfrac{\sqrt{2}}{2} \tan \theta = \dfrac{ 17 }{31 \sqrt{2} }

Hence, the answer is 17 + 31 + 2 = 50 17 + 31 + 2 = \boxed{50}

@Hosam Hajjir @Chew-Seong Cheong Thanks for your solutions, they are nice and simple! One note: In your figure, you have taken for granted that θ < 45 \theta <45{}^\circ . Of course, it is true. In my solution I have added some simple explanation about why this is so.

Thanos Petropoulos - 8 months ago
David Vreken
Oct 7, 2020

Label the diagram as follows, and let p = M N p = MN and q = B O q = BO :

As half the diagonal of square A B C D ABCD with unit sides, A M = M B = 2 2 AM = MB = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} , and by the Pythagorean Theorem on A M N \triangle AMN , A N = p 2 + 1 2 AN = \sqrt{p^2 + \frac{1}{2}} .

Also by the Pythagorean Theorem on M B P \triangle MBP , P B = x 2 + 1 2 PB = \sqrt{x^2 + \frac{1}{2}} .

To minimize the path, N O B = 90 ° \angle NOB = 90° , so M B P O B N \triangle MBP \sim \triangle OBN by AA similarity, so N O N B = M P P B \frac{NO}{NB} = \frac{MP}{PB} , or N O 2 2 p = x x 2 + 1 2 \frac{NO}{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} - p} = \frac{x}{\sqrt{x^2 + \frac{1}{2}}} , so that N O = ( 2 2 p ) x x 2 + 1 2 NO = \frac{(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} - p)x}{\sqrt{x^2 + \frac{1}{2}}} .

By symmetry, Brilli Ant's path is L = 2 ( A N + N O ) = 2 ( p 2 + 1 2 + ( 2 2 p ) x x 2 + 1 2 ) L = 2(AN + NO) = 2(\sqrt{p^2 + \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} - p)x}{\sqrt{x^2 + \frac{1}{2}}}) . Since the function of L L is concave up, the minimum occurs when d L d p = 2 p p 2 + 1 2 2 x x 2 + 1 2 = 0 \frac{dL}{dp} = \frac{2p}{\sqrt{p^2 + \frac{1}{2}}} - \frac{2x}{\sqrt{x^2 + \frac{1}{2}}} = 0 , which is when p = x p = x and when L = 2 ( x 2 + 1 2 + ( 2 2 p ) x x 2 + 1 2 ) = 2 x + 2 2 x 2 + 1 L = 2(\sqrt{x^2 + \frac{1}{2}} + \frac{(\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} - p)x}{\sqrt{x^2 + \frac{1}{2}}}) = \frac{2x + \sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{2x^2 + 1}} .

If the shortest path is 192 cm 192 \text{ cm} , then 2 x + 2 2 x 2 + 1 = 1.92 \frac{2x + \sqrt{2}}{\sqrt{2x^2 + 1}} = 1.92 , which solves to x = 17 31 2 x = \frac{17}{31\sqrt{2}} for x < 2 2 x < \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} . Therefore, a = 17 a = 17 , b = 31 b = 31 , c = 2 c = 2 , and a + b + c = 50 a + b + c = \boxed{50} .

Nice approach David, thanks for posting it. It is worth noting that the restriction x < 2 2 x<\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} you set in your equation is correct, because if the obstacle was taller than 2 2 \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} , then the shortest path would be A B C A\to B\to C , but this is 2 meters long.

Thanos Petropoulos - 8 months, 1 week ago

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Right! I took out that last sentence.

David Vreken - 8 months, 1 week ago

If we flatten down the obstacle on the plane of the square, we notice that the altitude E F EF of the isosceles triangle E B D \triangle EBD lies on the diagonal A C AC .
A F = F C = 2 2 AF=FC=\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} and in the case x > 2 2 x>\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} (figure 1), the shortest path from A A to C C would be A B C A\to B\to C , but this is 2 meters long. Hence, x 2 2 x\le \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2} as in figure 2. Consequently, on his way from A A to C C , ant-Brilly has to reach some point either of side E B EB , or side E D ED . Due to symmetry, we can search for the closest point from A A to E B EB . This, obviously, is the foot of the perpendicular from A A to E B EB . Let’s call it K K and denote its length in meters by d d . Since the shortest path from A A to C C is 192 c m 192cm we have d = 0.96 d=0.96 . Then, for the acute angle B A K = θ \angle BAK=\theta , in A B K \triangle ABK we have cos θ = A K A B = d 1 = 0.96 ( 1 ) \cos \theta =\dfrac{AK}{AB}=\dfrac{d}{1}=0.96 \ \ \ \ \ (1)

Moreover, in A E K \triangle AEK , cos ( E A K ) = A K A E cos ( π 4 θ ) = d 2 2 + x ( 2 2 + x ) ( cos θ cos π 4 + sin θ sin π 4 ) = d ( 2 2 + x ) 2 2 ( cos θ + sin θ ) = d ( 1 ) ( 1 2 + x 2 ) ( d + 1 d 2 ) = d ( 1 2 + x 2 ) ( 0.96 + 1 ( 0.96 ) 2 ) = 0.96 \begin{aligned} \cos \left( \angle EAK \right)=\frac{AK}{AE} & \Rightarrow \cos \left( \frac{\pi }{4}-\theta \right)=\frac{d}{\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}+x} \\ & \Rightarrow \left( \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}+x \right)\left( \cos \theta \cdot \cos \frac{\pi }{4}+\sin \theta \cdot \sin \frac{\pi }{4} \right)=d \\ & \Rightarrow \left( \frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}+x \right)\frac{\sqrt{2}}{2}\left( \cos \theta +\sin \theta \right)=d \\ & \overset{\left( 1 \right)}{\mathop{\Rightarrow }}\,\left( \frac{1}{2}+\frac{x}{\sqrt{2}} \right)\left( d+\sqrt{1-{{d}^{2}}} \right)=d \\ & \Rightarrow \left( \frac{1}{2}+\frac{x}{\sqrt{2}} \right)\left( 0.96+\sqrt{1-{{\left( 0.96 \right)}^{2}}} \right)=0.96 \\ \end{aligned}

which solves to x = 17 31 2 x=\frac{17}{31\sqrt{2}} Thus, a = 17 a=17 , b = 31 b=31 , c = 2 c=2 and the answer is a + b + c = 50 a+b+c=\boxed{50} .

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