Consider a uniform solid cube of mass and side length . The center of the cube is located a distance away from a point particle of mass . A line segment from the cube's center to the particle is perpendicular to one of the cube's faces.
What is the magnitude of the gravitational force between them?
Details and Assumptions:
1)
2)
3)
Universal gravitational constant
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With the cube centered at the origin and the point mass located at r c = ( 2 , 0 , 0 ) , consider any general volume element d V = d x d y d z around the point r p = ( x , y , z ) within the cube. Applying Newton's gravitational law between the elementary mass and the point mass gives:
d F = G ( S 3 M d V ) m ( ∣ r p − r c ∣ 3 r p − r c )
Due to symmetry of the problem, we are only interested in the X component of the force which is (after simplifications):
d F x = d F ⋅ i ^ ⟹ F x = ∫ V d F x ⟹ F x = ∫ − 1 1 ∫ − 1 1 ∫ − 1 1 8 ( ( x − 2 ) 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) 3 / 2 ( x − 2 ) d x d y d z ≈ − 0 . 2 3 5 7 4 9
Comparing this result with that of a uniform sphere suggests that the cube (just like a disk, as in the previous problem) cannot be treated as a point mass like the sphere can be, in such situations.