⌊ 3 1 1 + 3 2 1 + 3 3 1 + ⋯ + 3 2 0 1 9 1 ⌋ = ?
Notation: ⌊ ⋅ ⌋ denotes the floor function .
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We can estimate the value of n = 1 ∑ 2 0 1 9 3 n 1 using ∫ a b 3 x 1 d x with appropriate limits a and b . Since f ( x ) = 3 x 1 is convex, the area under the curve is large when the curve is above the bar than when it is under the bar (see figure). Therefore, we have:
2 3 1 1 + ∫ 1 2 0 1 9 3 x 1 d x + 2 3 2 0 1 9 1 < 2 3 1 1 + 2 3 x 3 2 ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ 1 2 0 1 9 + 2 3 2 0 1 9 1 < 2 3 8 . 6 5 5 3 7 1 3 < n = 1 ∑ 2 0 1 9 3 n 1 < ∫ 0 . 5 2 0 1 9 . 5 3 x 1 d x n = 1 ∑ 2 0 1 9 3 n 1 < 2 3 x 3 2 ∣ ∣ ∣ ∣ 0 . 5 2 0 1 9 . 5 n = 1 ∑ 2 0 1 9 3 n 1 < 2 3 8 . 7 1 0 4 2 8 8
⟹ ⌊ n = 1 ∑ 2 0 1 9 3 n 1 ⌋ = 2 3 8 .