Cube = Square - Square

Algebra Level 1

Calvin is trying to write a perfect cube as the difference of 2 perfect squares. He notices that

1 3 = 1 2 0 2 2 3 = 3 2 1 2 3 3 = 6 2 3 2 4 3 = 1 0 2 6 2 \begin{array} { r r r r r r } 1^3 & = & 1^2 & - & 0^2 \\ 2^3 & = & 3^2 & - & 1^2 \\ 3^3 & = & 6^2 & - & 3 ^ 2 \\ 4^3 & = & 10^2 & - & 6^2 \\ \vdots & & & \vdots & \\ \end{array}

If he continues this pattern, he guesses that 7 3 = a 2 b 2 7^3 = a^2 - b^2 . What is a × b a \times b ?


The answer is 588.

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12 solutions

Igor Carpanese
Sep 15, 2013

We have this pattern:

  • 1³ = 1² - 0²
  • 2³ = 3² - 1²
  • 3³ = 6² - 3²
  • 4³ = 10² - 6²
  • 5³ = x² - 10²
  • 6³ = y² - x²
  • 7³ = z² - y²

So...

  • x² = 5³ + 10² = 225 ∴ x = 15 (We ignore, always, the negative number. In this case, -15.)
  • y² = 6³ + 15² = 441 ∴ y = 21
  • z² = 7³ + 21² = 784∴ y = 28

If a = 21 and b = 28, 28 * 21 = 558.

Nice observation that one of the square numbers is used in the next.

Are there any other patterns that we can see? What can we say about the general case?

Calvin Lin Staff - 7 years, 8 months ago

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Can it be that the pattern is : We start with a number 'n' ,then the progression is: n+1 i.e the difference between between a & b increases like 2,3,4....?

Abhinav Gupta - 7 years, 8 months ago

I thought about the following lines:

1^3=(1-0)(1+0)=1 1 2^3=(3-1)(3+1)=2 4=2 2^2 3^3=3 3^2 or 7^3=7*7^2 a-b=7 and a+b=49. I get a negative b though.

Jack Shawn - 7 years, 8 months ago

It's easy. Numbers are there with sums of n^2 and differences of n(using the formula (a+b)(a-b)). Now the numbers with sum of 49 and difference of 7 are 21 and 28. Simply calculating their product is 558.

Jatin Nagpal - 7 years, 8 months ago
Julio Reyes
Sep 16, 2013

First notice the pattern. Starting with the 2nd equation, you can see that the b 2 b^2 component is the a 2 a^2 component from the previous equation. Furthermore, the difference between a and b increases by 1 each time, and, in fact, it is equal the base of the cube root.

1 3 = 1 2 0 2 1^3 = 1^2 - 0^2 : a - b = 1 = base, 2 3 = 3 2 1 2 2^3 = 3^2 - 1^2 : a - b = 2 = base, 3 3 = 6 2 3 2 3^3 = 6^2 - 3^2 : a - b = 3 = base, ....ect.

Following this pattern we eventually come to

7 3 = 2 8 2 2 1 2 7^3 = 28^2 - 21^2 and therefore a × b = 588 a \times b = 588

Upon further study, there is also a pattern for a and b. They follow the pattern of triangular numbers, a ( n ) = n ( n + 1 ) 2 a(n) = \frac {n \cdot (n+1)}{2} . Using this we can generalize the form and we should be able to come up with the equality for any perfect cube with base c.

c 3 = a 2 b 2 c^3 = a^2 - b^2

where a = c ( c + 1 ) 2 a = \frac {c\cdot(c+1)}{2} or b + c b + c

and b = c ( c 1 ) 2 b = \frac {c \cdot(c-1)}{2} .

Julio Reyes - 7 years, 8 months ago

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Indeed. Once can prove it, by showing that

n 3 = ( n ( n + 1 ) 2 ) 2 ( ( n 1 ) n 2 ) 2 . n^3 = \left ( \frac{n(n+1)}{2} \right)^2 - \left( \frac{ (n-1)n}{2} \right)^2 .

Calvin Lin Staff - 7 years, 8 months ago

7 7 7=334 then how the ans is 588 :/

please explain me i can't under stand :(

Princexx Aiman - 7 years, 8 months ago

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Where are you getting 777 = 334? The problem gives you the equation 7 3 = a 2 + b 2 7^3 = a^2 + b^2 and asks us to find a × b a \times b . In this case our n = 7. Using the above formula's for the general case we can find a = 28 and b = 21. And 28 × 21 = 588 28 \times 21 = 588 .

Julio Reyes - 7 years, 8 months ago
Ananay Agarwal
Sep 16, 2013

The pattern is easy to discover. Each k k th cube can be expressed by letting m 2 m^2 be the last term of the previous expression: k 3 = ( m + k ) 2 m 2 k^3 = (m+k)^2 - m^2 . Extrapolating the pattern forwards we get: 5 3 = 1 5 2 1 0 2 , 6 3 = 2 1 2 1 5 2 , 7 3 = 2 8 2 2 1 2 5^3 = 15^2 - 10^2, 6^3 = 21^2 - 15^2, 7^3 = 28^2 - 21^2

28 × 21 = 588 28\times 21 = \boxed{588} which is our answer.

We prove the validity of this pattern by induction. Several bases have already been established in the question. Let us assume for some k k , k 3 = m 2 ( m k ) 2 = ( 2 m k ) ( k ) 2 m k = k 2 k^3 = m^2 - (m - k)^2 = (2m - k)(k) \implies 2m - k = k^2 .

Adding 2 k + 1 2k + 1 to both sides we get:

2 m + k + 1 = ( k + 1 ) 2 ( 2 m + k + 1 ) ( k + 1 ) = ( k + 1 ) 3 = ( m + k + 1 ) 2 m 2 2m + k + 1 = (k + 1)^2 \implies (2m + k + 1)(k+1) = (k + 1)^3 = (m + k + 1)^2 - m^2

This completes the proof.

Moderator note:

There are many ways of proving the validity of the conjecture.

Are there any other patterns that you notice in the sequence?

Were you referring to the triangular numbers series mentioned by David C below? I haven't met triangular numbers before...

Eimear Monaghan - 7 years, 8 months ago
Nicholas Loh
Sep 17, 2013

From the pattern, we notice for n 3 n^{3} , where n is a non-negative integer,

n 3 n^{3} = a 2 a^{2} - b 2 b^{2} , where a and b are non-negative integers.

From the pattern, a = n + b. So, for the specific case where n = 7,

7 3 7^{3} = ( 7 + b ) 2 (7+b)^{2} - b 2 b^{2}

We manipulate this equation and solve for the unknown 'b' by expanding the right hand side of the equation.

343 = 49 + 14b + b 2 b^{2} - b 2 b^{2}

294 = 14b

b = 21

a = 7 + b

a = 7 + 21

a = 28

a x b = 28 x 21

a x b = 588

∴ The answer is 588.

too long I think

Roberta Cañezal - 7 years, 8 months ago
David Coughlan
Sep 18, 2013

The cube of the nth number is equal to the difference of the square of the nth triangular number and the square of the (n-1)th triangular number. Hence, 7 cubed equals 28 squared minus 21 squared. We can also write this shorthand as 7 3 = 2 8 2 2 1 2 7^3 = 28^2-21^2 . Therefore a a and b b are 28 and 21 respectively, and 28 21 = 588 28 * 21 = 588

Adrabi Abderrahim
Sep 16, 2013

let: z 3 = x 2 y 2 z^3 = x^2 - y^2 then z 3 = ( x + y ) ( x y ) z = ( x + y ) ( x y ) z^3 = (x+y)(x-y) \Rightarrow z = \frac{(x+y)}{(x-y)} ,

and let y = z α y = z*\alpha and x = y + z = z + z α x = y + z =z + z * \alpha

z = ( x + y ) ( x y ) = ( z + z α + z α ) ( z + z α z α ) z = \frac{(x+y)}{(x-y)} = \frac{(z + z * \alpha + z * \alpha)}{(z + z * \alpha - z * \alpha)}

z = ( z + 2 z α ) z z = \frac{(z + 2 * z * \alpha )}{z}

α = ( z 2 z ) ( 2 z ) \alpha = \frac{(z^2 - z)}{(2 * z)}

then for 7 7 we've:

α = ( 7 2 7 ) ( 2 7 ) = 3 \alpha = \frac{(7^2 - 7)}{(2 * 7)} = 3

x = y + 7 , y = α 7 x = y + 7 , y = \alpha * 7

x = 28 , y = 21 x = 28 , y = 21

x y = 28 21 = 588 x * y = 28 * 21 = 588

I do not understand your first line. What is z = ( x + y ) ( x y z = \frac{ (x+y)}{(x-y} ? How did you reach that conclusion?

Can you also explain the pattern which you observed?

Calvin Lin Staff - 7 years, 8 months ago

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my first time it's like Igor C (first part), also i see all z 3 = x 2 y 2 z^3 = x^2 - y^2 implies z = x y z = x - y

so by letting x = α z + z x = \alpha*z + z and y = α z y = \alpha*z we've:

z 3 = ( x + y ) ( x y ) z^3 = (x+y)(x-y)

z 3 = ( α z + z + α z ) ( α z + z α z ) z^3 = (\alpha*z + z + \alpha*z)(\alpha*z + z - \alpha*z)

z 3 = ( z ( 2 α + 1 ) ) ( z ) z^3 = (z(2\alpha + 1))(z)

z 3 = ( z 2 ( 2 α + 1 ) ) z^3 = (z^2(2\alpha + 1))

so:

z 3 z 2 = z = ( 2 α + 1 ) \frac{z^3}{z^2} = z = (2\alpha + 1)

and

( x + y ) ( x y ) = ( α z + z + α z ) ( α z + z α z ) \frac{(x+y)}{(x-y)} = \frac{(\alpha*z + z + \alpha*z)}{(\alpha*z + z - \alpha*z)}

( x + y ) ( x y ) = z ( 2 α + 1 ) z \frac{(x+y)}{(x-y)} = \frac{z(2\alpha+1)}{z}

( x + y ) ( x y ) = ( 2 α + 1 ) = z \frac{(x+y)}{(x-y)} = (2\alpha+1) = z

α = z 1 2 = z 2 z 2 z \alpha = \frac{z -1}{2} = \frac{z^2 - z}{2*z}

this is my steps.

ADRABI Abderrahim - 7 years, 8 months ago

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It is not true that z 3 = x 2 y 2 z^3 = x^2 - y^2 implies z = x y z = x-y in general. Though, what you likely meant, was that in the pattern we are given, we observe that z = x y z = x - y .

Calvin Lin Staff - 7 years, 8 months ago
Fahad Shihab
Sep 28, 2013

c 1 3 = ( c 2 ) 2 ( c 2 c 1 ) 2 c_{1}^{3}=(c_{2})^{2}-(c_{2}-c_{1})^{2} , c 1 3 = ( c 1 ( c 1 + 1 ) 2 ) 2 ( c 2 c 1 ) 2 c_{1}^{3}=(\frac{c_{1}(c_{1}+1)}{2})^{2}-(c_{2}-c_{1})^{2} , 7 3 = ( ( 7 ) ( 8 ) 2 ) 2 ( ( 7 ) ( 8 ) 2 ) 7 ) 2 7^{3}=(\frac{(7)(8)}{2})^{2}-(\frac{(7)(8)}{2})-7)^{2} , 7 3 = ( 28 ) 2 ( 21 ) 2 7^{3}=(28)^{2}-(21)^{2} , a = 28 , b = 21 a=28, b=21 a × b = 28 × 21 = 588 a \times b=28 \times 21=588

7^3=(A-B)(A+B) A-B=7 A+B=49 2A=56 A=28 B=21 AB=28*21=588

Bayu Dharmala
Sep 18, 2013

the solution is: a= +2 +3 +4.... if 7 so that +7 that is 28 b= +1+2+3...... if 7 so that + 6 that is 21 28 * 21 = 588

Narasimha Rao B L
Sep 18, 2013

1-3=2 3-6=3 6-10=-4 so next terms are 15 '21'28 by this 7cube is 28squre-21squre

Larry John
Sep 17, 2013

using calculator f(x) es plus 991 - 7^3=x^2- a^2 the a in - 6^3= A^2 - b ^2= 21 the b is in - 5^3=10 which we got from 4^3 using that 7^3=x^2- 21^2 ans= 28 28 21=588

7^3=(a+b)(a-b)...a+b=7^2=49, a-b=7 solving we get a=28 b=21 axb=588

Note that this question asks you to recognize the pattern, as opposed to finding the values. As such, your solution is inaccurate.

Similar to your solution, we could have a + b = 7 3 = 343 , a b = 1 a + b = 7^3 = 343, a-b = 1 which gives us a = 172 , b = 171 a = 172, b = 171 . However, this is not what we would have obtained from following the pattern.

Calvin Lin Staff - 7 years, 8 months ago

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