If the closed form of n = 1 ∑ ∞ ( k = 1 ∑ n ( ( 2 5 k 2 + 2 5 k + 4 ) ( n − k + 1 ) 3 1 ) ) can be expressed as a π ζ ( b ) c + e d − f ζ ( b ) where b , d , e are primes then find a + b + c + d + e + f .
This problem was inspired by Prof. Daniel Sitaru's problem, Romania.
This problem is taken from Romanian Mathematical Magazine.
Note: ζ ( ⋅ ) denotes the Riemann Zeta function .
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Let ξ = n = 1 ∑ ∞ ( k = 1 ∑ n ( ( 2 5 k 2 + 2 5 k + 1 ) ( n + 1 − k ) 3 1 ) )
Now writing the the total sum in different rows for each value of n or interchanging the sums we get ξ = n = 1 ∑ ∞ n 3 1 k = 1 ∑ ∞ 2 5 k 2 + 2 5 k + 1 1 = ζ ( 3 ) k = 1 ∑ ∞ 2 5 k 2 + 2 5 k + 1 1
ξ = 3 ζ ( 3 ) k = 1 ∑ ∞ ( 5 k + 1 1 − 5 k + 4 1 )
Let ξ 1 = k = 1 ∑ ∞ ( 5 k + 1 1 − 5 k + 4 1 ) = k = 1 ∑ ∞ ∫ 0 1 ( 1 − x 3 ) x 5 k d x
Interchanging the integral and the sum which is justified by Fubini's theorem and then using Geometric sum ξ 2 = ∫ 0 1 ( 1 − x 3 ) 1 − x 5 x 5 d x
Substituting x 5 = t in ξ 2 we get
ξ 1 = 5 1 ∫ 0 1 1 − t t 5 1 − t 5 4 + 1 − 1 d t
Using the relation of Digamma function that ψ ( z + 1 ) + γ = ∫ 0 1 1 − x 1 − x z d x
we get ξ 1 = 5 1 ( ψ ( 5 9 ) − ψ ( 5 6 ) ) Using the functional rule of Digamma function that ψ ( z + 1 ) = ψ ( z ) + z 1 we get ξ 1 = 5 1 ( ψ ( 5 4 ) − ψ ( 5 1 ) − 4 1 5 ) Using the Reflection formula of Digamma function that ψ ( 1 − z ) − ψ ( z ) = π cot ( π z ) we get that ξ 1 = 5 1 ( π cot ( 5 π ) − 4 1 5 )
Using this alongwith result of ξ we get ξ = 1 5 π ζ ( 3 ) cot ( 5 π ) − 4 ζ ( 3 )
Using any trigonometric table or Wolfram alpha you can find that cot ( 5 π ) = 1 + 5 2 So we get ξ = 1 5 π ζ ( 3 ) 1 + 5 2 − 4 ζ ( 3 )
Hence the answer 3 0