Did you say scale it?

Geometry Level 3

Consider the elliptical area (shaded in light blue) in the figure above. It is given by

x 2 a 2 + y 2 b 2 1 \dfrac{x^2}{ a^2} + \dfrac{y^2 }{ b^2} \le 1

where a = 12 a =12 , and b = 7 b = 7 .

I want to draw a straight line whose equation is y = 1 2 x + y 0 y = \frac{1}{2} x + y_0 that will cut through the elliptical area dividing it into two parts, with the upper part being one third of the total elliptical area. Find the y-intercept y 0 y_0 , and input 1 0 5 y 0 \lfloor 10^5 y_0 \rfloor as your answer.


The answer is 244255.

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2 solutions

Otto Bretscher
Dec 11, 2018

I proceeded in three steps. Having limited time, I "cheated" and left the numerical work in Step 1 to the computer.

First find a line x = a x=a that cuts the area of the unit circle in a ratio of 2:1. Solving 0 a 1 x 2 d x = 1 2 ( a 1 a 2 + arcsin a ) = π 12 \int_{0}^{a} \sqrt{1-x^2}dx=\frac{1}{2}(a\sqrt{1-a^2}+\arcsin a)=\frac{\pi}{12} numerically gives a 0.26493208 a\approx 0.26493208 .

Second, find a line y = 6 7 x + b y=\frac{6}{7}x+b that cuts the area of the unit circle in a ratio of 2:1. We want the line's distance from the origin to be a a , so b = a 1 + ( 6 7 ) 2 b=a\sqrt{1+(\frac{6}{7})^2} .

Finally, we are scaling our line by a factor of 12 horizontally and by a factor of 7 vertically, x = 12 x x'=12x and y = 7 y y'=7y , to take the form y = x 2 + 7 b y'=\frac{x'}{2}+7b with y 0 = 7 b = 85 a 2.4425531 y_0=7b=\sqrt{85}a \approx 2.4425531 .

The required answer is 244255 \boxed{244255}

Hosam Hajjir
Dec 11, 2018

We start off by scaling the ellipse into the unit circle, by defining the image of ( x , y ) (x, y) to be ( x , y ) (x', y') with x = x a x' = \dfrac{x}{a} ,and y = y b y' = \dfrac{y}{b} .

The image of the line becomes: b y = 1 2 a x + y 0 b y' = \frac{1}{2} a x' + y_0

Now this line is to be distant from the origin a distance D D , such that the area of the circle above y = D y = D is 1 3 \frac{1}{3} of the unit circle area.

Let θ = 2 cos 1 ( D ) \theta = 2 \cos^{-1} (D) , then the upper area is = 1 2 ( θ sin ( θ ) ) = \frac{1}{2} ( \theta - \sin(\theta) ) .

Hence , 1 3 π = 1 2 ( θ sin ( θ ) ) = 1 2 ( 2 cos 1 ( D ) sin ( 2 cos 1 ( D ) ) ) \frac{1}{3} \pi = \frac{1}{2} (\theta - \sin(\theta) ) = \frac{1}{2} ( 2 \cos^{-1}(D) - \sin(2 \cos^{-1}(D) ) )

We can find D D numerically, by a suitable numerical method, such as Newton's method. To use this method, we

define the function f ( x ) = 1 2 ( 2 cos 1 ( x ) sin ( 2 cos 1 ( x ) ) ) 1 3 π f(x) = \frac{1}{2} ( 2 \cos^{-1}(x) - \sin(2 \cos^{-1}(x) ) ) - \frac{1}{3} \pi , and we want the root of this function.

Newton's iteration, is given by x n + 1 = x n f ( x n ) f ( x n ) x_{n+1} = x_{n} - \dfrac{f(x_n)}{f'(x_n)} , where the derivative of our function is f ( x ) = 1 2 ( 2 1 x 2 cos ( 2 cos 1 ( x ) ) ( 2 ) 1 x 2 ) f'(x) = \frac{1}{2} ( \dfrac{-2}{\sqrt{1 - x^2}} - \cos(2 \cos^{-1}(x) ) \cdot \dfrac{(-2)}{\sqrt{1 - x^2}} )

This can be simplified and re-arranged into f ( x ) = 2 1 x 2 f'(x) = - 2 \sqrt{1 - x^2}

Putting it all together and using any programming environment or a standard spreadsheet like Microsoft Excel, we can implement the Newton Iteration. I have taken the initial guess x 0 = 0.5 x_0 = 0.5 . You'll note that the iterations converge very quickly to our sought solution and we have the desired solution D = 0.264932085 D = 0.264932085

Now we are ready to continue the solution. Recall that our line is given by b y = 1 2 a x + y 0 b y' = \frac{1}{2} a x' + y_0

Its distance from the origin is given by: D = y 0 b 2 + a 2 4 D = \dfrac{y_0}{ \sqrt{ b^2 + \frac{a^2} {4} }}

Thus y 0 = D b 2 + a 2 4 = 0.264932085 49 + 144 4 = 2.44255313 y_0 = D \sqrt{b^2 + \frac{a^2} { 4}} = 0.264932085 \sqrt{49 + \frac{144}{4}} = 2.44255313

This makes the answer 1 0 5 y 0 = 244255 \lfloor 10^5 y_0 \rfloor = \boxed{244255}

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