Differentiable

Calculus Level 2

f ( x ) f(x) is a function differentiable at x = 1 , x=1, and f ( 1 ) = 1 5 f'(1)=\frac{1}{5} . What is the value of lim x 1 x 3 1 f ( x ) f ( 1 ) ? \displaystyle \lim_{x \to 1} \frac{x^3-1}{f(x)-f(1)}?

5 5 10 10 20 20 15 15

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1 solution

Prasun Biswas
Feb 18, 2014

To solve this, we must know the first principle of differentiation according to which we have lim h 0 ( f ( x + h ) f ( x ) h ) = f ( x ) \displaystyle \lim_{h\to 0}(\frac{f(x+h)-f(x)}{h})=f'(x) . Now, we have in this question that f ( x ) f(x) is a function differentiable at x = 1 x=1 with f ( 1 ) = 1 5 f'(1)=\frac{1}{5} . So ----

lim x 1 ( x 3 1 f ( x ) f ( 1 ) ) \displaystyle \lim_{x\to 1}(\frac{x^3-1}{f(x)-f(1)})

= lim x 1 ( x 3 1 x 1 f ( x ) f ( 1 ) x 1 ) =\large \displaystyle \lim_{x\to 1}(\frac{\frac{x^3-1}{x-1}}{\frac{f(x)-f(1)}{x-1}}) [dividing both numerator and denominator by ( x 1 ) (x-1) ]

= lim x 1 ( x 3 1 x 1 ) lim x 1 0 ( f ( x ) f ( 1 ) x 1 ) =\frac{\displaystyle \lim_{x\to 1}(\frac{x^3-1}{x-1})}{\displaystyle \lim_{x-1\to 0}(\frac{f(x)-f(1)}{x-1})} [since x 1 x 1 0 x\to 1 \implies x-1\to 0 ]

= lim x 1 ( ( x 1 ) ( x 2 + x + 1 ) ( x 1 ) ) lim x 1 0 ( f ( 1 + ( x 1 ) ) f ( 1 ) x 1 ) =\frac{\displaystyle \lim_{x\to 1}(\frac{(x-1)(x^2+x+1)}{(x-1)})}{\displaystyle \lim_{x-1\to 0}(\frac{f(1+(x-1))-f(1)}{x-1})} [since a 3 b 3 = ( a b ) ( a 2 + a b + b 2 ) a^3-b^3=(a-b)(a^2+ab+b^2) ]

= lim x 1 ( x 2 + x + 1 ) f ( 1 ) =\frac{\displaystyle \lim_{x\to 1}(x^2+x+1)}{f'(1)} [from first principle taking x = 1 , h = ( x 1 ) x=1,h=(x-1) ]

= 1 2 + 1 + 1 1 5 = 1 + 1 + 1 1 5 = 3 1 5 = 3 × 5 = 15 =\frac{1^2+1+1}{\frac{1}{5}} = \frac{1+1+1}{\frac{1}{5}}=\frac{3}{\frac{1}{5}}=3\times 5 =\boxed{15}

just use l'hopital's rule

Krishna Ramesh - 6 years, 1 month ago

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This approach is actually more fundamental than using the L'Hopital's rule because it gets the result using limit definition of derivative.

Granted that L'Hopital makes this problem a one-liner, but this method is more fundamental and easily understandable to anyone who is familiar with elementary calculus (differentiation), but doesn't know that rule.

Prasun Biswas - 6 years, 1 month ago

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yeah, I agree..good job

Krishna Ramesh - 6 years, 1 month ago

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