Differentiate then integrate?

Calculus Level 3

A curve is defined parametrically by:

{ x = t 3 1 y = t 2 1 \large{\begin{cases} x= t^3-1 \\ y=t^2-1\end{cases}}

If d 2 y d x 2 ( d y d x ) 4 = a b b a \dfrac { \frac { { d }^{ 2 }y }{ { dx }^{ 2 } } }{ { \left( \frac { dy }{ dx } \right) }^{ 4 } }=-\dfrac{a^b}{b^a} , where a a and b b are positive coprime integers, find the area bound by the curve and the line y = a x + b y=ax+b . If this area is C × 1 0 4 C \times 10^{-4} , find C C to 1 decimal place.

Remarks:

  • This question is inspired by my NCEA level 3 calculus exam which I sat yesterday.
  • Plotting these graphs on a graphing calculator first may help.


The answer is 4.1.

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1 solution

Tom Engelsman
Nov 17, 2018

Let's start by solving the first parametric equation for t t in terms of x x : t = ( x + 1 ) 1 / 3 t = (x+1)^{1/3} , and substitution into the second parametric equation gives: y = ( x + 1 ) 2 / 3 1. y = (x+1)^{2/3} - 1. (i) First and second derivatives of (i) yield:

y = 2 3 ( x + 1 ) 1 / 3 , y = 2 9 ( x + 1 ) 4 / 3 y' = \frac{2}{3}(x+1)^{-1/3}, y'' = -\frac{2}{9}(x+1)^{-4/3}

and the quotient: y ( y ) 4 = 2 9 ( x + 1 ) 4 / 3 ( 2 3 ( x + 1 ) 1 / 3 ) 4 = 9 8 = 3 2 2 3 . \frac{y''}{(y')^4} = \frac{-\frac{2}{9}(x+1)^{-4/3}}{( \frac{2}{3}(x+1)^{-1/3})^4} = -\frac{9}{8} = -\frac{3^2}{2^3}.

thus a = 3 , b = 2 a = 3, b = 2 with the line y = 3 x + 2 y = 3x+2 (ii). Now curves (i) and (ii) intersect at:

( x + 1 ) 2 / 3 1 = 3 x + 2 0 = ( x + 1 ) 2 / 3 ( 3 x + 3 ) 0 = ( x + 1 ) 2 / 3 ( 1 3 ( x + 1 ) 1 / 3 ) x = 1 , 26 27 (x+1)^{2/3} - 1 = 3x+2 \Rightarrow 0 = (x+1)^{2/3} - (3x + 3) \Rightarrow 0 = (x+1)^{2/3} \cdot (1 - 3(x+1)^{1/3}) \Rightarrow x = -1, -\frac{26}{27} .

The required area between (i) and (ii) (with (i) \ge (ii) for all x [ 1 , 26 27 ] ) x \in [-1, -\frac{26}{27}]) computes to:

1 26 27 [ ( x + 1 ) 2 / 3 1 ] ( 3 x + 2 ) d x = 3 5 ( x + 1 ) 5 / 3 3 2 x 2 3 x 1 26 27 4.1 × 1 0 4 . \int_{-1}^{-\frac{26}{27}} [(x+1)^{2/3} - 1] - (3x+2) dx = \frac{3}{5}(x+1)^{5/3} - \frac{3}{2}x^2 - 3x|_{-1}^{-\frac{26}{27}} \approx \boxed{4.1 \times 10^{-4}}.

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