Determine the number of real solutions of which satisfy the equation above.
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First note that the function f ( x ) = tan − 1 ( x ) cot − 1 ( x ) is a continuous, even function that is differentiable on R − { 0 } . We also note that f ( 0 ) = 0 . Now using the product rule we find that
f ′ ( x ) = 1 + x 2 cot − 1 ( x ) − 1 + x 2 tan − 1 ( x ) ,
which equals 0 when tan − 1 ( x ) = cot − 1 ( x ) . This occurs only when x = 1 , at which point f ( 1 ) = 4 π ∗ 4 π = 1 6 π 2 < 1 . Since f ( 1 ) > f ( 0 ) we know that the critical point obtained represents a maximum, and thus we can conclude that f ( x ) < 1 ∀ x ∈ R , and so the given equation has no real solutions.