Does this summation require advanced techniques?

Calculus Level 5

Evaluate n = 1 1 ( 2 n n ) \large \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\dfrac{1}{\binom{2n}{n}}

If the answer can be expressed as a + b c π d \dfrac{a+b\sqrt{c}\pi}{d} , where a , b , c a,b,c and d d are positive integers, c c is square-free, and d d is minimal, then find a + b + c + d a+b+c+d .


The answer is 41.

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2 solutions

Kunal Gupta
Oct 14, 2016

We have, S = n = 1 1 ( 2 n n ) S = \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\dfrac{1}{\binom{2n}{n}} = n = 1 n ! n ! ( 2 n ) ! =\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\dfrac{n!n!}{(2n)!} = n = 1 Γ ( n + 1 ) Γ ( n + 1 ) Γ ( 2 n + 1 ) =\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\dfrac{\Gamma(n+1)\Gamma(n+1)}{\Gamma(2n+1)} = n = 1 ( 2 n + 1 ) Γ ( n + 1 ) Γ ( n + 1 ) Γ ( 2 n + 2 ) =\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\dfrac{(2n+1)\Gamma(n+1)\Gamma(n+1)}{\Gamma(2n+2)} = n = 1 ( 2 n + 1 ) β ( n + 1 , n + 1 ) =\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}(2n+1)\beta(n+1,n+1) = n = 1 ( 2 n + 1 ) 0 1 x n ( 1 x ) n d x =\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}(2n+1)\displaystyle \int_{0}^{1}x^{n}(1-x)^{n}\text{d}x As ,all terms are finite and continuous independently, we can switch the summation and the integral to give: S = 0 1 [ n = 1 ( 2 n + 1 ) x n ( 1 x ) n ] d x S = \displaystyle \int_{0}^{1}\left[\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}(2n+1)x^{n}(1-x)^{n}\right]\text{d}x Let x ( 1 x ) = t x(1-x) = t Consider the sum (second order GP) .Here t < 1 |t|<1 S = n = 1 ( 2 n + 1 ) t n S'= \sum_{n=1}^{\infty}(2n+1)t^{n} S = t ( 3 t ) ( t 1 ) 2 S'=\dfrac{t(3-t)}{(t-1)^{2}} The above was solved using basic method of solving a second order GP. Finally we have, S = 0 1 ( x ( 1 x ) ) [ 3 x ( 1 x ) ] [ 1 x ( 1 x ) ] 2 d x S = \displaystyle \int_{0}^{1} \dfrac{(x(1-x))[3-x(1-x)]}{[1-x(1-x)]^{2}} \text{d}x Evaluating the above integral is left as an exercise to the reader( using partial fraction decomposition), we arrive at the answer: S = 9 + 2 3 π 27 S= \dfrac{9+2\sqrt{3}\pi}{27} Giving the answer to be: a + b + c + d = 9 + 2 + 3 + 27 = 41 a+b+c+d =9+2+3+27 =\boxed{41}

This is a good start.

  1. Are you sure that the condition is "all terms are finite and continuously independent"?
  • I'm not sure what "continuously independent" is. Note that 2 n + 1 2n+1 is defined pointwise (for integer values of n n ).
  • What sequences does this exclude us from interchange order of limits ?

I believe what you want is that "all terms are positive", which is a strong condition to use to interchange the order.

Keep writing more solutions and you will get the hang of this!

Calvin Lin Staff - 4 years, 8 months ago
Mark Hennings
Oct 14, 2016

Starting with the known power series expansion f ( x ) = ln ( x + 1 + x 2 ) 1 + x 2 = k = 0 ( 1 ) k 2 2 k ( k ! ) 2 ( 2 k + 1 ) ! x 2 k + 1 f(x) \; = \; \frac{\ln\big(x + \sqrt{1 + x^2}\big)}{\sqrt{1+x^2}} \; = \; \sum_{k=0}^\infty (-1)^k \frac{2^{2k}(k!)^2}{(2k+1)!} x^{2k+1} valid for all x < 1 |x| < 1 , we have f ( x ) = 1 1 + x 2 x ln ( x + 1 + x 2 ) ( 1 + x 2 ) 3 2 = k = 0 ( 1 ) k 2 2 k ( 2 k k ) x 2 k f'(x) \; = \; \frac{1}{1+x^2} - \frac{x\ln\big(x + \sqrt{1 + x^2}\big)}{(1+x^2)^{\frac32}} \; = \; \sum_{k=0}^\infty (-1)^k \frac{2^{2k}}{\binom{2k}{k}} x^{2k} and hence the sum is S = f ( 1 2 i ) 1 = 4 3 4 i 3 3 ln ( 1 2 3 + 1 2 i ) = 9 + 2 π 3 27 S \; = \; f'\big(\tfrac12i\big) - 1 \; = \; \frac43 - \frac{4i}{3\sqrt{3}}\ln\big(\tfrac12\sqrt{3} + \tfrac12i\big) \; = \; \frac{9 + 2\pi\sqrt{3}}{27} giving the answer 41 \boxed{41} .

I refer to lists of standard power series! Then it is a matter of looking for the right coefficients in the power series, and finding which function does the job, rather than the other way around. Obviously, some I know already, but other (less familiar) ones I look up.

It is nice not to have to go back to basics every time. Your approach works just fine, but it is good to find short-cuts.

Mark Hennings - 4 years, 8 months ago

@Mark Hennings just curious to know that "how" actually does one know which function to choose for the particular summation. Likewise, how did you know that F(x) had to be that , which you chose? Experience?

Kunal Gupta - 4 years, 8 months ago

I'm not quite sure I understand what the i i in the final step is.

Akeel Howell - 4 years, 2 months ago

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The square root of 1 -1 .

Mark Hennings - 4 years, 2 months ago

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Ooh thanks!

Akeel Howell - 4 years, 2 months ago

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