Don't let the quantifiers scare you

Calculus Level 3

Let P ( ( x , y ) , ( x 0 , y 0 ) , z , ϵ , δ ) P((x,y),(x_0,y_0),z,\epsilon,\delta) be the statment that ( cos ( x 0 cos 1 ( z ) ) + cos ( y 0 cos 1 ( z ) ) = 1 + z ) ( ( x , y ) ( x 0 , y 0 ) < ϵ ) (\cos(x_0\cos^{-1}(z))+\cos(y_0\cos^{-1}(z))=1+z) \wedge (||(x,y)-(x_0,y_0)||<\epsilon) . Let S = { ( x , y ) R 2 : ( ϵ > 0 ) ( δ ( 0 , 1 ) ) ( z : 1 δ < z < 1 ) ( ( x 0 , y 0 ) R 2 : x 0 , y 0 1 ) ( P ( ( x , y ) , ( x 0 , y 0 ) , z , ϵ , δ ) ) } S = \{ (x,y) \in \mathbb{R}^2 : (\forall \epsilon > 0)(\exists \delta \in (0,1))(\forall z:1-\delta<z<1)(\exists (x_0,y_0) \in \mathbb{R}^2: |x_0|,|y_0| \leq 1)(P((x,y),(x_0,y_0),z,\epsilon,\delta)) \} Then S S is in fact a 1-manifold of finite length. What is the length of S S ?


The answer is 6.2831853071795.

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1 solution

Jonathan Dunay
Feb 13, 2018

Hint: Look at the graphs of cos ( x cos 1 ( z ) ) + cos ( y cos 1 ( z ) ) = 1 + z \cos(x\cos^{-1}(z))+\cos(y\cos^{-1}(z))=1+z for z z near 1.

The upshot of the question is to see what happens to the shape of a graph (in this case: cos ( x ) + cos ( y ) 1 = z \cos(x) + \cos(y) - 1 = z ) near local extrema as z approaches the value of such extrema.

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