Let f : R → R be such that f ′ ′ is continuous on R and f ( 0 ) = 1 , f ′ ( 0 ) = 0 and f ′ ′ ( 0 ) = − 1 . Then find x → ∞ lim ( f ( x 2 ) ) x correct to three decimal places.
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Chris Lewis gave the best possible solution. Here's my approach: Let L denote the value of this limit, Since the limit is in the indeterminate form 1 ∞ , I'm tempted to use L'Hôpital's rule (LH), ln L 0 0 0 0 0 = = = = = = x → ∞ lim x ln ( f ( x 2 ) ) x → ∞ lim 1 / x ln ( f ( x 2 ) ) , y → 0 + lim y ln ( f ( 2 y ) ) , y → 0 + lim f ( 2 y ) f ′ ( 2 y ) ⋅ 1 / ( 2 y ) , let z = 2 y z → 0 + lim f ( z ) f ′ ( z ) ⋅ 1 / z = z → 0 + lim z ⋅ f ( z ) f ′ ( z ) , z → 0 + lim z ⋅ f ′ ( z ) + f ( z ) f ′ ′ ( z ) = 1 + 0 − 1 = − 1 let y = x 1 this is a 0 0 case, apply LH Another 0 0 case. Apply LH The answer is L = e − 1 ≈ 0 . 3 6 8 .
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From the given derivatives at x = 0 , the Taylor series of f ( x ) is f ( x ) = 1 − 2 1 x 2 + ⋯
When x is large, f ( x 2 ) ≈ 1 − x 1
so the limit we want is x → ∞ lim ( 1 − x 1 ) x = e − 1