A performer has three different outfits. In how many ways can she dress up for seven different performances, such that each outfit is worn at least once?
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Let A j be the set of dressing orders that do not use the j th dress, for 1 ≤ j ≤ 3 . Then ∣ A 1 ∣ = ∣ A 2 ∣ = ∣ A 3 ∣ ∣ A 1 ∩ A 2 ∣ = ∣ A 1 ∩ A 3 ∣ = ∣ A 2 ∩ A 3 ∣ ∣ A 1 ∩ A 2 ∩ A 3 ∣ = 2 7 = 1 = 0 and hence ∣ A 1 ∪ A 2 ∪ A 3 ∣ = 3 × 2 7 − 3 × 1 + 0 so that ∣ ( A 1 ∪ A 2 ∪ A 3 ) ′ ∣ = 3 7 − 3 × 2 7 + 3 = 1 8 0 6 using the Inclusion-Exclusion Principle.