Dual Potential - Circular Orbit

A particle of mass 1 1 in the x y xy plane has the following coordinates:

x = r cos θ y = r sin θ x = r \cos \theta \\ y = r \sin \theta

The potential energy distribution is:

V ( r ) = r 1 + r 3 V(r) = - r^{-1} + r^{-3}

At time t = 0 t = 0 , the initial conditions are ( θ \theta is in radians):

r = 3 θ = 0 r ˙ = 0 θ ˙ = ? r = 3 \\ \theta = 0 \\ \dot{r} = 0 \\ \dot{\theta} = ?

What should the initial value of θ ˙ |\dot{\theta}| be, such that the particle maintains a constant-speed circular orbit of radius 3 3 ?

Bonus: Are constant-speed circular orbits possible for all values of r r ?


The answer is 0.1571.

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3 solutions

Karan Chatrath
Apr 12, 2020

Consider the equations of motion of the system, which can be derived using any standard methods available:

r 2 θ ˙ = K r^2\dot{\theta} = K r ¨ = r θ ˙ 2 1 r 2 + 3 r 4 \ddot{r} = r\dot{\theta}^2 -\frac{1}{r^2} + \frac{3}{r^4}

In the above equation, K K is a constant. The speed of the particle is:

V = r ˙ 2 + r 2 θ ˙ 2 V = \sqrt{\dot{r}^2 + r^2\dot{\theta}^2}

Now, it is given that the solution is:

r = 3 r = 3 r ˙ = 0 \implies \dot{r} = 0 r ¨ = 0 \implies \ddot{r} = 0

and that the speed of the particle is constant. This means:

V = r θ ˙ = 3 θ ˙ V = r\dot{\theta} = 3\dot{\theta}

Since the speed is constant, this implies that θ ˙ \dot{\theta} is also constant. Consider the equation of motion:

r ¨ = r θ ˙ 2 1 r 2 + 3 r 4 \ddot{r} = r\dot{\theta}^2 -\frac{1}{r^2} + \frac{3}{r^4}

Plugging in the solution gives:

0 = 3 θ ˙ 2 1 9 + 3 81 0 = 3\dot{\theta}^2 -\frac{1}{9} + \frac{3}{81} θ ˙ 2 = 2 81 \implies \dot{\theta}^2 = \frac{2}{81} θ ˙ = 2 9 \implies \boxed{\lvert \dot{\theta} \rvert = \frac{\sqrt{2}}{9}}

The force is central. It is given by F ( r ) = d V ( r ) d r = 3 r 2 r 4 F(r)=-\dfrac{dV(r)}{dr}=\dfrac{3-r^2}{r^4} . This must equal m θ ˙ 2 r = θ ˙ 2 r -m\dot {\theta}^2r=-\dot {\theta}^2r (since we are dealing with constant speed). Hence, θ ˙ = r 2 3 r 5 = 2 9 0.1571348 \dot {\theta}=\sqrt {\dfrac {r^2-3}{r^5}}=\dfrac{\sqrt 2}{9}\approx \boxed {0.1571348} . For the condition of uniform circular motion to prevail, θ ˙ \dot {\theta} must be real, which holds true for r 2 3 0 r 3 r^2-3\geq 0\implies r\geq \boxed {\sqrt 3} .

Aaghaz Mahajan
Apr 11, 2020

@Steven Chase Sir, for the Bonus part, I think that constant-speed circular orbits are possible for r 3 r\ge\sqrt{3} only...

Yes, that's my conclusion as well

Steven Chase - 1 year, 2 months ago

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Thanks, Sir....I just wanted to confirm!

Aaghaz Mahajan - 1 year, 2 months ago

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