A particle of mass 1 in the x y plane has the following coordinates:
x = r cos θ y = r sin θ
The potential energy distribution is:
V ( r ) = − r − 1 + r − 3
At time t = 0 , the initial conditions are ( θ is in radians):
r = 3 θ = 0 r ˙ = 0 θ ˙ = ?
What should the initial value of ∣ θ ˙ ∣ be, such that the particle maintains a constant-speed circular orbit of radius 3 ?
Bonus: Are constant-speed circular orbits possible for all values of r ?
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The force is central. It is given by F ( r ) = − d r d V ( r ) = r 4 3 − r 2 . This must equal − m θ ˙ 2 r = − θ ˙ 2 r (since we are dealing with constant speed). Hence, θ ˙ = r 5 r 2 − 3 = 9 2 ≈ 0 . 1 5 7 1 3 4 8 . For the condition of uniform circular motion to prevail, θ ˙ must be real, which holds true for r 2 − 3 ≥ 0 ⟹ r ≥ 3 .
@Steven Chase Sir, for the Bonus part, I think that constant-speed circular orbits are possible for r ≥ 3 only...
Yes, that's my conclusion as well
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Consider the equations of motion of the system, which can be derived using any standard methods available:
r 2 θ ˙ = K r ¨ = r θ ˙ 2 − r 2 1 + r 4 3
In the above equation, K is a constant. The speed of the particle is:
V = r ˙ 2 + r 2 θ ˙ 2
Now, it is given that the solution is:
r = 3 ⟹ r ˙ = 0 ⟹ r ¨ = 0
and that the speed of the particle is constant. This means:
V = r θ ˙ = 3 θ ˙
Since the speed is constant, this implies that θ ˙ is also constant. Consider the equation of motion:
r ¨ = r θ ˙ 2 − r 2 1 + r 4 3
Plugging in the solution gives:
0 = 3 θ ˙ 2 − 9 1 + 8 1 3 ⟹ θ ˙ 2 = 8 1 2 ⟹ ∣ θ ˙ ∣ = 9 2